//! DOM integration: build a taffy layout tree from a live [`DomTree`], run
//! layout, and return border-box geometry keyed by [`NodeId`].
//!
//! Phase 3. Text nodes do not yet contribute to size (no inline/text layout
//! until the text/paint phase), so a leaf element with only text may have zero
//! height. Block and flex structure, plus explicit sizes and box model, are
//! correct.

use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};

use obscura_dom::tree::{DomTree, NodeId};
use taffy::prelude::*;

use crate::{Rect, to_taffy_style};

/// Text width for layout. With the `paint` feature this is exact (real glyph
/// metrics from the embedded font, shared with rasterization). Without it
/// (layout-only builds, e.g. for `getBoundingClientRect`), fall back to a
/// standard average-character-width heuristic for proportional fonts so
/// `obscura-render` compiles and gives reasonable geometry with its default
/// (lightest-weight) feature set, matching RENDER.md's documented "layout
/// (default)" mode.
#[cfg(feature = "paint")]
fn text_width(
    text: &str,
    size: f32,
    is_bold: bool,
    family: Option<&str>,
    letter_spacing: f32,
) -> f32 {
    crate::paint::measure_text(text, size, is_bold, family)
        + text.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_control()).count() as f32 * letter_spacing
}

#[cfg(not(feature = "paint"))]
fn text_width(
    text: &str,
    size: f32,
    is_bold: bool,
    _family: Option<&str>,
    letter_spacing: f32,
) -> f32 {
    const AVG_CHAR_WIDTH_EM: f32 = 0.55;
    let chars = text.chars().filter(|c| !c.is_control()).count() as f32;
    let glyph_width = chars * size * AVG_CHAR_WIDTH_EM;
    (if is_bold { glyph_width * 1.08 } else { glyph_width })
        + chars * letter_spacing
}

/// Per-element border boxes after layout, in viewport coordinates.
pub struct DomLayout {
    pub rects: HashMap<NodeId, Rect>,
    pub styles: HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    /// The clip rect inherited from ancestor `overflow: hidden` boxes, keyed
    /// per node, in SCREEN space (the clip owner's box shifted by the owner's
    /// accumulated translate; see `resolve_clip_rects`). `None` means
    /// unclipped. Does not include the node's own overflow (that only clips
    /// its children, not itself).
    pub clip_rects: HashMap<NodeId, Option<Rect>>,
    /// Accumulated `transform: translate()` per node (own + ancestors), in CSS
    /// px. Only nodes with a non-zero accumulation are present; paint shifts
    /// each box by this to reach screen space.
    pub translates: HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    /// Per-word geometry for text nodes: a text DOM node lays out as one
    /// taffy leaf per word (see `build_text_words`), each wrapping
    /// independently within its container, so its rendered content is a list
    /// of (box, word text) pairs rather than a single box, unlike every other
    /// node kind. Keyed by the text node's `NodeId`, in layout order.
    pub text_runs: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<(Rect, String)>>,
    /// Inline formatting contexts that were shaped by cosmic-text (see
    /// `inline`): a single leaf per container, its glyphs held in
    /// `text_engine`. `ifc_items` maps the container's `NodeId` to its item
    /// index. Paint rasterizes these instead of the per-word `text_runs`.
    #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
    pub text_engine: crate::inline::TextEngine,
    #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
    pub ifc_items: HashMap<NodeId, usize>,
    /// Anonymous inline-run contexts: a mixed block's consecutive inline
    /// children folded to one shaped leaf each (see `build_mixed_block`).
    /// Keyed by the parent block's `NodeId`, in document order; the leaves
    /// have no DOM node of their own.
    #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
    pub run_ifc_items: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<usize>>,
    /// Anonymous in-flow boxes generated by `::before`/`::after`. These have
    /// no DOM node of their own, but unlike the legacy text-only fast path
    /// they participate in layout with their pseudo style's real box model.
    pub(crate) generated_boxes: Vec<GeneratedBox>,
}

/// Root-scroll sticky-position constraints captured from normal-flow layout.
///
/// The normal boxes stay immutable in the layout cache. A scroll offset is
/// resolved into one accumulated translation per affected node, which keeps
/// JS geometry and screenshot paint on the same path.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
pub struct StickyLayout {
    frames: Vec<StickyFrame>,
    owners: HashMap<NodeId, NodeId>,
    clip_owners: HashMap<NodeId, NodeId>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct StickyFrame {
    id: NodeId,
    parent_sticky: Option<NodeId>,
    normal: Rect,
    containing: Rect,
    margin: crate::Edges,
    inset: [Option<f32>; 4],
}

impl StickyLayout {
    fn frame_offsets(
        &self,
        viewport: (f32, f32),
        scroll: (f32, f32),
    ) -> HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)> {
        let mut frame_offsets = HashMap::with_capacity(self.frames.len());
        for frame in &self.frames {
            let inherited = frame
                .parent_sticky
                .and_then(|id| frame_offsets.get(&id).copied())
                .unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
            let normal = Rect {
                x: frame.normal.x + inherited.0,
                y: frame.normal.y + inherited.1,
                ..frame.normal
            };
            let containing = Rect {
                x: frame.containing.x + inherited.0,
                y: frame.containing.y + inherited.1,
                ..frame.containing
            };
            let x = sticky_axis_position(
                normal.x,
                normal.width,
                containing.x + frame.margin.left,
                containing.x + containing.width - frame.margin.right - normal.width,
                scroll.0,
                viewport.0,
                frame.inset[3],
                frame.inset[1],
            );
            let y = sticky_axis_position(
                normal.y,
                normal.height,
                containing.y + frame.margin.top,
                containing.y + containing.height - frame.margin.bottom - normal.height,
                scroll.1,
                viewport.1,
                frame.inset[0],
                frame.inset[2],
            );
            frame_offsets.insert(
                frame.id,
                (inherited.0 + x - normal.x, inherited.1 + y - normal.y),
            );
        }
        frame_offsets
    }

    /// Resolve a single geometry query without materializing an entry for
    /// every descendant in every sticky subtree. This is O(sticky frames), not
    /// O(DOM), and is the hot path for repeated getBoundingClientRect reads.
    pub fn translation_for(
        &self,
        id: NodeId,
        viewport: (f32, f32),
        scroll: (f32, f32),
    ) -> (f32, f32) {
        let Some(owner) = self.owners.get(&id) else {
            return (0.0, 0.0);
        };
        self.frame_offsets(viewport, scroll)
            .get(owner)
            .copied()
            .unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0))
    }

    /// Accumulated sticky translation for every node in a sticky subtree.
    /// Frames are stored in DOM preorder, so an outer sticky frame's resolved
    /// movement is available before a nested sticky frame is constrained.
    /// Paint calls this once for the whole document; geometry uses
    /// [`StickyLayout::translation_for`] to avoid an O(DOM) map per query.
    pub fn translations(
        &self,
        viewport: (f32, f32),
        scroll: (f32, f32),
    ) -> HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)> {
        let frame_offsets = self.frame_offsets(viewport, scroll);
        self.owners
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|(&id, owner)| {
                frame_offsets.get(owner).copied().map(|offset| (id, offset))
            })
            .collect()
    }

    /// Sticky-space movement of the ancestor that owns a node's inherited
    /// overflow clip. A sticky descendant must move inside an outer clip,
    /// while a clip established inside the sticky subtree moves with it.
    pub fn clip_translations_from(
        &self,
        translations: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    ) -> HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)> {
        self.clip_owners
            .iter()
            .filter_map(|(&id, owner)| translations.get(owner).copied().map(|offset| (id, offset)))
            .collect()
    }

    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.frames.is_empty()
    }
}

fn sticky_axis_position(
    normal: f32,
    size: f32,
    contain_min: f32,
    contain_max: f32,
    scroll: f32,
    viewport: f32,
    start: Option<f32>,
    end: Option<f32>,
) -> f32 {
    let mut stick_start = start.map(|inset| scroll + inset);
    let mut stick_end = end.map(|inset| scroll + viewport - inset - size);

    // When both insets leave a sticky view rectangle smaller than the box,
    // the end inset is reduced so the start edge wins in the start direction.
    if let (Some(start), Some(end)) = (stick_start, stick_end) {
        if end < start {
            stick_end = Some(start);
        }
    }

    let mut position = normal;
    if let Some(start) = stick_start.take() {
        position = position.max(start.min(contain_max));
    }
    if let Some(end) = stick_end {
        position = position.min(end.max(contain_min));
    }
    position
}

impl DomLayout {
    /// Nodes whose painted coordinate space is anchored to the initial
    /// containing block. A viewport-fixed element and its whole subtree stay
    /// stationary when the document scrolls. A fixed element captured by a
    /// transformed/filter/contain ancestor remains in the document scrolling
    /// coordinate space instead.
    pub fn viewport_fixed_nodes(&self, tree: &DomTree) -> HashSet<NodeId> {
        let mut fixed = HashSet::new();
        let mut has_fixed_cb: HashMap<NodeId, bool> = HashMap::new();

        for id in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
            let parent = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            let parent_is_fixed = parent.is_some_and(|parent| fixed.contains(&parent));
            let ancestor_has_fixed_cb = parent
                .and_then(|parent| has_fixed_cb.get(&parent).copied())
                .unwrap_or(false);
            let style = self.styles.get(&id);
            let starts_viewport_fixed =
                style.is_some_and(|style| style.position_fixed && !ancestor_has_fixed_cb);

            if parent_is_fixed || starts_viewport_fixed {
                fixed.insert(id);
            }

            let establishes_fixed_cb =
                style.is_some_and(|style| style.containing_block_triggers != 0);
            has_fixed_cb.insert(id, ancestor_has_fixed_cb || establishes_fixed_cb);
        }

        fixed
    }

    /// Root scrolling overflow in CSS pixels. This is the union of laid-out
    /// document boxes after translate transforms, bounded by inherited
    /// overflow clips. Viewport-fixed subtrees do not enlarge the document.
    pub fn scrolling_content_size(&self, tree: &DomTree, viewport: (f32, f32)) -> (f32, f32) {
        let fixed = self.viewport_fixed_nodes(tree);
        let mut right = viewport.0.max(0.0);
        let mut bottom = viewport.1.max(0.0);

        if let Some(root) = tree
            .descendants(tree.document())
            .into_iter()
            .find(|id| tree.get_node(*id).is_some_and(|node| node.is_element()))
        {
            accumulate_scrolling_overflow(
                tree,
                root,
                None,
                &fixed,
                &self.rects,
                &self.styles,
                &self.translates,
                &mut right,
                &mut bottom,
            );
        }

        (right.ceil(), bottom.ceil())
    }

    /// Capture root/window-scroll sticky constraints from the normal-flow
    /// result. Nested overflow scrollers are intentionally outside this slice;
    /// their sticky frames will need a scroll-container-specific instance.
    pub fn root_sticky_layout(&self, tree: &DomTree, viewport: (f32, f32)) -> StickyLayout {
        let viewport_fixed = self.viewport_fixed_nodes(tree);
        let content = self.scrolling_content_size(tree, viewport);
        let root_containing = Rect {
            x: 0.0,
            y: 0.0,
            width: content.0,
            height: content.1,
        };
        let mut layout = StickyLayout::default();
        let mut nearest_sticky: HashMap<NodeId, Option<NodeId>> = HashMap::new();
        let mut inherited_clip_sticky: HashMap<NodeId, Option<NodeId>> = HashMap::new();
        let mut inside_nested_scroller: HashMap<NodeId, bool> = HashMap::new();

        for id in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
            let parent = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            let has_nested_scroll_container = parent.is_some_and(|parent| {
                inside_nested_scroller.get(&parent).copied().unwrap_or(false)
                    || self
                        .styles
                        .get(&parent)
                        .is_some_and(|style| {
                            let is_root_propagated_overflow = tree
                                .get_node(parent)
                                .is_some_and(|node| {
                                    node.as_element().is_some_and(|element| {
                                        matches!(element.local.as_ref(), "html" | "body")
                                    })
                                });
                            style.overflow_scroll_container && !is_root_propagated_overflow
                        })
            });
            inside_nested_scroller.insert(id, has_nested_scroll_container);
            let parent_sticky = parent
                .and_then(|parent| nearest_sticky.get(&parent).copied())
                .flatten();
            let inherited_clip = parent
                .and_then(|parent| {
                    let parent_style = self.styles.get(&parent);
                    if parent_style.is_some_and(|style| style.overflow_hidden) {
                        nearest_sticky.get(&parent).copied().flatten()
                    } else {
                        inherited_clip_sticky.get(&parent).copied().flatten()
                    }
                });
            if let Some(owner) = inherited_clip {
                layout.clip_owners.insert(id, owner);
            }
            inherited_clip_sticky.insert(id, inherited_clip);

            if viewport_fixed.contains(&id) {
                nearest_sticky.insert(id, None);
                continue;
            }

            let style = self.styles.get(&id);
            let is_sticky = style.is_some_and(|style| {
                style.position_sticky
                    && style.inset.iter().any(Option::is_some)
                    && !has_nested_scroll_container
            });
            if !is_sticky {
                nearest_sticky.insert(id, parent_sticky);
                if let Some(owner) = parent_sticky {
                    layout.owners.insert(id, owner);
                }
                continue;
            }
            let (Some(style), Some(rect)) = (style, self.rects.get(&id).copied()) else {
                nearest_sticky.insert(id, parent_sticky);
                continue;
            };
            let (tx, ty) = self.translates.get(&id).copied().unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
            // Sticky constraints are solved from the box's normal-flow
            // position, before its own transform is painted. `translates`
            // carries the accumulated transform chain, so remove exactly this
            // frame's resolved translate while retaining every ancestor's.
            let (own_tx, own_ty) = style
                .transform_translate
                .map(|(x, y)| {
                    (
                        resolve_translate(x, rect.width),
                        resolve_translate(y, rect.height),
                    )
                })
                .unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
            let normal = Rect {
                x: rect.x + tx - own_tx,
                y: rect.y + ty - own_ty,
                ..rect
            };

            let mut containing = None;
            let mut ancestor = parent;
            while let Some(candidate) = ancestor {
                if let (Some(candidate_style), Some(candidate_rect)) = (
                    self.styles.get(&candidate),
                    self.rects.get(&candidate).copied(),
                ) {
                    if candidate_style.display != crate::Display::Inline
                        && !candidate_style.display_contents
                    {
                        let (ctx, cty) =
                            self.translates.get(&candidate).copied().unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
                        containing = Some(Rect {
                            x: candidate_rect.x
                                + ctx
                                + candidate_style.border.left
                                + candidate_style.padding.left,
                            y: candidate_rect.y
                                + cty
                                + candidate_style.border.top
                                + candidate_style.padding.top,
                            width: (candidate_rect.width
                                - candidate_style.border.left
                                - candidate_style.border.right
                                - candidate_style.padding.left
                                - candidate_style.padding.right)
                                .max(0.0),
                            height: (candidate_rect.height
                                - candidate_style.border.top
                                - candidate_style.border.bottom
                                - candidate_style.padding.top
                                - candidate_style.padding.bottom)
                                .max(0.0),
                        });
                        break;
                    }
                }
                ancestor = tree.get_node(candidate).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            }

            let resolve_inset = |value: Option<crate::Dimension>, basis: f32| match value {
                Some(crate::Dimension::Px(px)) => Some(px),
                Some(crate::Dimension::Percent(percent)) => Some(percent * basis),
                _ => None,
            };
            let inset = [
                resolve_inset(style.inset[0], viewport.1),
                resolve_inset(style.inset[1], viewport.0),
                resolve_inset(style.inset[2], viewport.1),
                resolve_inset(style.inset[3], viewport.0),
            ];
            layout.frames.push(StickyFrame {
                id,
                parent_sticky,
                normal,
                containing: containing.unwrap_or(root_containing),
                margin: style.margin,
                inset,
            });
            layout.owners.insert(id, id);
            nearest_sticky.insert(id, Some(id));
        }

        layout
    }
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn accumulate_scrolling_overflow(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    inherited_clip: Option<Rect>,
    fixed: &HashSet<NodeId>,
    rects: &HashMap<NodeId, Rect>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    translates: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    right: &mut f32,
    bottom: &mut f32,
) {
    if fixed.contains(&id) {
        return;
    }

    let translated = rects.get(&id).map(|rect| {
        let (tx, ty) = translates.get(&id).copied().unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
        Rect {
            x: rect.x + tx,
            y: rect.y + ty,
            width: rect.width,
            height: rect.height,
        }
    });
    if let Some(overflow) = translated {
        let visible = if let Some(clip) = inherited_clip {
            overflow.intersect(&clip)
        } else {
            Some(overflow)
        };
        if let Some(overflow) = visible {
            *right = right.max(overflow.x + overflow.width);
            *bottom = bottom.max(overflow.y + overflow.height);
        }
    }

    // Overflow propagated from html/body establishes the viewport clip for
    // painting, but it does not truncate the root scrolling area's CSSOM
    // overflow dimensions. Ordinary descendant overflow clips still bound
    // their subtree's contribution.
    let is_viewport_overflow_source = tree.get_node(id).is_some_and(|node| {
        node.as_element()
            .is_some_and(|element| matches!(element.local.as_ref(), "html" | "body"))
    });
    let child_clip = match (styles.get(&id), rects.get(&id)) {
        (Some(style), Some(rect)) if style.overflow_hidden && !is_viewport_overflow_source => {
            let (tx, ty) = translates.get(&id).copied().unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
            let own = overflow_clip_rect(rect, style, tx, ty);
            Some(match inherited_clip {
                Some(clip) => clip.intersect(&own).unwrap_or(Rect::default()),
                None => own,
            })
        }
        _ => inherited_clip,
    };
    for child in tree.children(id) {
        accumulate_scrolling_overflow(
            tree, child, child_clip, fixed, rects, styles, translates, right, bottom,
        );
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub(crate) enum GeneratedBoxKind {
    Before,
    After,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
pub(crate) struct GeneratedBox {
    pub host: NodeId,
    pub kind: GeneratedBoxKind,
    pub rect: Rect,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct GeneratedBoxBuild {
    host: NodeId,
    kind: GeneratedBoxKind,
    node: taffy::NodeId,
}

fn sync_resolved_percentage_padding(
    taffy_tree: &TaffyTree<usize>,
    taffy_root: taffy::NodeId,
    initial_containing_block_width: f32,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    generated: &[GeneratedBoxBuild],
    styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) {
    let has_percentage_padding = styles.values().any(|style| {
        style.padding_percent.iter().any(Option::is_some)
            || style
                .before_pseudo
                .as_deref()
                .is_some_and(|pseudo| pseudo.padding_percent.iter().any(Option::is_some))
            || style
                .after_pseudo
                .as_deref()
                .is_some_and(|pseudo| pseudo.padding_percent.iter().any(Option::is_some))
    });
    if !has_percentage_padding {
        return;
    }

    fn sync(style: &mut crate::LayoutStyle, containing_block_width: f32) {
        if let Some(percent) = style.padding_percent[0] {
            style.padding.top = percent * containing_block_width;
        }
        if let Some(percent) = style.padding_percent[1] {
            style.padding.right = percent * containing_block_width;
        }
        if let Some(percent) = style.padding_percent[2] {
            style.padding.bottom = percent * containing_block_width;
        }
        if let Some(percent) = style.padding_percent[3] {
            style.padding.left = percent * containing_block_width;
        }
    }

    fn visit(
        taffy_tree: &TaffyTree<usize>,
        node: taffy::NodeId,
        containing_block_width: f32,
        id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
        generated: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, GeneratedBoxKind)>,
        styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    ) {
        let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(node) else {
            return;
        };
        if let Some(dom_id) = id_map.get(&node) {
            if let Some(style) = styles.get_mut(dom_id) {
                sync(style, containing_block_width);
            }
        } else if let Some((host, kind)) = generated.get(&node) {
            if let Some(host_style) = styles.get_mut(host) {
                let pseudo = match kind {
                    GeneratedBoxKind::Before => host_style.before_pseudo.as_deref_mut(),
                    GeneratedBoxKind::After => host_style.after_pseudo.as_deref_mut(),
                };
                if let Some(pseudo) = pseudo {
                    sync(pseudo, containing_block_width);
                }
            }
        }

        let child_containing_block_width = layout.content_box_width().max(0.0);
        if let Ok(children) = taffy_tree.children(node) {
            for child in children {
                visit(
                    taffy_tree,
                    child,
                    child_containing_block_width,
                    id_map,
                    generated,
                    styles,
                );
            }
        }
    }

    let generated = generated
        .iter()
        .map(|generated| (generated.node, (generated.host, generated.kind)))
        .collect();
    visit(
        taffy_tree,
        taffy_root,
        initial_containing_block_width,
        id_map,
        &generated,
        styles,
    );
}

fn sync_positioned_pseudo_percentage_padding(
    rects: &HashMap<NodeId, Rect>,
    styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) {
    let has_positioned_percentage_padding = styles.values().any(|style| {
        [style.before_pseudo.as_deref(), style.after_pseudo.as_deref()]
            .into_iter()
            .flatten()
            .any(|pseudo| {
                pseudo.position == Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)
                    && pseudo.padding_percent.iter().any(Option::is_some)
            })
    });
    if !has_positioned_percentage_padding {
        return;
    }

    fn sync(pseudo: &mut crate::LayoutStyle, containing_block_width: f32) {
        if pseudo.position != Some(taffy::Position::Absolute) {
            return;
        }
        for (index, percent) in pseudo.padding_percent.into_iter().enumerate() {
            let Some(percent) = percent else { continue };
            let value = percent * containing_block_width;
            match index {
                0 => pseudo.padding.top = value,
                1 => pseudo.padding.right = value,
                2 => pseudo.padding.bottom = value,
                _ => pseudo.padding.left = value,
            }
        }
    }

    for (host, style) in styles {
        let Some(rect) = rects.get(host) else { continue };
        let containing_block_width =
            (rect.width - style.border.left - style.border.right).max(0.0);
        if let Some(pseudo) = style.before_pseudo.as_deref_mut() {
            sync(pseudo, containing_block_width);
        }
        if let Some(pseudo) = style.after_pseudo.as_deref_mut() {
            sync(pseudo, containing_block_width);
        }
    }
}

/// Registry of cosmic-text inline formatting contexts created during the
/// taffy-tree build: `whole` holds single-leaf containers keyed by the
/// container's own DOM id, `runs` holds anonymous inline-run leaves keyed by
/// the parent block's DOM id (those leaves have no DOM node, so their final
/// rects are captured separately; see `compute_absolute_rects`).
#[derive(Default)]
struct IfcRegistry {
    whole: HashMap<NodeId, usize>,
    runs: HashMap<NodeId, Vec<usize>>,
    generated: Vec<GeneratedBoxBuild>,
    /// Specified column widths per table grid node, from `<col>` elements and
    /// colspan-1 cells: `(px, percent)` per column index. Consumed by the
    /// table column-balancing pass in `layout_dom_with_images`, which pins
    /// specified columns instead of sizing them purely from content.
    table_cols: HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (Vec<Option<f32>>, Vec<Option<f32>>)>,
    /// Minimum row heights per table grid node, one entry per source row.
    /// The post-width row-sizing pass combines these with each cell's final
    /// content height and pins the tracks before vertical alignment.
    table_rows: HashMap<taffy::NodeId, Vec<Option<f32>>>,
    /// Floats whose direct block parent does not establish a block formatting
    /// context and whose exclusion can therefore continue through later
    /// descendant blocks of the same BFC. The first layout pass gives these
    /// nodes real geometry; `apply_float_continuations` uses it to narrow the
    /// later intersecting bands before the final layout.
    float_continuations: Vec<FloatContinuation>,
    /// CSS multi-column containers built as a row of anonymous block
    /// fragmentainers. All in-flow boxes start in the first fragmentainer so
    /// the preliminary layout measures them at the final column width; the
    /// post-pass then balances those already-built boxes without rebuilding
    /// or reshaping their subtrees.
    multicol: Vec<MulticolBuild>,
}

struct MulticolBuild {
    columns: Vec<taffy::NodeId>,
    children: Vec<taffy::NodeId>,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct FloatContinuation {
    owner: NodeId,
    float: taffy::NodeId,
    flow: taffy::NodeId,
    side: crate::Float,
}

/// Walk the tree top-down accumulating the clip rect imposed by ancestor
/// `overflow: hidden` boxes. Must run after layout, since it needs border
/// boxes. This is what makes `overflow: hidden` (used pervasively for the
/// "visually hidden but accessible" pattern: a 1x1 absolutely-positioned box
/// with clipped overflow) actually hide its contents instead of letting text
/// paint wherever the box's static position happens to land.
/// Clips are stored in SCREEN space: the clip owner's border box offset by the
/// owner's own accumulated `transform: translate()`. A clip belongs to its
/// owner's coordinate space, not the painted descendant's; shifting an
/// inherited clip by the descendant's translate (the old behavior) let a
/// carousel track's `translateX` drag the viewport's clip along with every
/// slide, so all slides stayed visible inside their own shifted clip.
///
/// The same walk records each node's accumulated translate in `translates`
/// (one pass here instead of an ancestor walk per painted node).
fn resolve_clip_rects(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    inherited: Option<Rect>,
    tx: f32,
    ty: f32,
    rects: &HashMap<NodeId, Rect>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    clip_rects: &mut HashMap<NodeId, Option<Rect>>,
    translates: &mut HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
) {
    clip_rects.insert(id, inherited);
    // This node's own translate joins the accumulation for its box and its
    // whole subtree (percentages resolve against its own border box).
    let (tx, ty) = match (styles.get(&id).and_then(|s| s.transform_translate), rects.get(&id)) {
        (Some((dx, dy)), Some(rect)) => (tx + resolve_translate(dx, rect.width), ty + resolve_translate(dy, rect.height)),
        (Some((dx, dy)), None) => (tx + resolve_translate(dx, 0.0), ty + resolve_translate(dy, 0.0)),
        _ => (tx, ty),
    };
    if tx != 0.0 || ty != 0.0 {
        translates.insert(id, (tx, ty));
    }
    // Overflow propagated from html/body establishes the root scrolling
    // viewport. It is anchored to the capture surface, not to document
    // coordinates, and the pixmap already supplies that viewport clip.
    // Materializing it here as an ordinary descendant clip would make root
    // scrolling translate the viewport itself offscreen.
    let is_viewport_overflow_source = tree.get_node(id).is_some_and(|node| {
        node.as_element().is_some_and(|element| {
            if element.local.as_ref() == "html" {
                return true;
            }
            if element.local.as_ref() != "body" {
                return false;
            }
            // Body overflow propagates to the viewport only while the root's
            // own overflow is visible. Once html establishes overflow, body
            // remains an ordinary clipping box.
            node.parent
                .and_then(|parent| tree.get_node(parent).map(|parent_node| (parent, parent_node)))
                .is_some_and(|(parent, parent_node)| {
                    parent_node
                        .as_element()
                        .is_some_and(|name| name.local.as_ref() == "html")
                        && !styles
                            .get(&parent)
                            .is_some_and(|style| style.overflow_hidden)
                })
        })
    });
    let next = match (styles.get(&id), rects.get(&id)) {
        (Some(style), Some(rect)) if style.overflow_hidden && !is_viewport_overflow_source => {
            let own = overflow_clip_rect(rect, style, tx, ty);
            Some(match inherited {
                Some(clip) => clip.intersect(&own).unwrap_or(Rect::default()),
                None => own,
            })
        }
        _ => inherited,
    };
    for cid in tree.children(id) {
        resolve_clip_rects(tree, cid, next, tx, ty, rects, styles, clip_rects, translates);
    }
}

/// The CSS overflow clip is the padding box, not the outer border box. This is
/// also the coordinate-space boundary Gecko captures for descendant display
/// items: transformed content may cover the padding area but must not repaint
/// its clip owner's border.
fn overflow_clip_rect(rect: &Rect, style: &crate::LayoutStyle, tx: f32, ty: f32) -> Rect {
    Rect {
        x: rect.x + tx + style.border.left,
        y: rect.y + ty + style.border.top,
        width: (rect.width - style.border.left - style.border.right).max(0.0),
        height: (rect.height - style.border.top - style.border.bottom).max(0.0),
    }
}

/// Resolve one `transform: translate()` component to px: a length passes
/// through, a percentage is taken against `basis` (the element's own
/// border-box extent on that axis). Font/viewport-relative leftovers fall
/// back to a coarse px value (translate rarely uses them).
pub(crate) fn resolve_translate(d: crate::Dimension, basis: f32) -> f32 {
    match d {
        crate::Dimension::Px(px) => px,
        crate::Dimension::Percent(p) => p * basis,
        crate::Dimension::Em(v) | crate::Dimension::Rem(v) => v * 16.0,
        crate::Dimension::Ex(v) => v * 16.0 * 0.528_320_3,
        crate::Dimension::Vw(v)
        | crate::Dimension::Vh(v)
        | crate::Dimension::Vmin(v)
        | crate::Dimension::Vmax(v) => v,
        crate::Dimension::Auto => 0.0,
    }
}

/// Apply HTML presentational attributes at their cascade origin: above the UA
/// defaults, but below every author stylesheet and style attribute.
fn apply_presentational_hints(node: &obscura_dom::tree::Node, style: &mut crate::LayoutStyle) {
    if let Some(color) = node.get_attribute("color") {
        crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("color: {}", color));
    }
    if let Some(bgcolor) = node.get_attribute("bgcolor") {
        crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("background-color: {}", bgcolor));
    }
    if let Some(width) = node.get_attribute("width") {
        if width.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
            crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("width: {}px", width));
        } else {
            crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("width: {}", width));
        }
    }
    if let Some(align) = node.get_attribute("align") {
        crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("text-align: {}", align));
    }
    if let Some(valign) = node.get_attribute("valign") {
        crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("vertical-align: {}", valign));
    }
    if let Some(cellspacing) = node.get_attribute("cellspacing") {
        if cellspacing.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
            crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("border-spacing: {}px", cellspacing));
        }
    }
    if let Some(height) = node.get_attribute("height") {
        if height.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
            crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("height: {}px", height));
        } else {
            crate::style::apply_inline(style, &format!("height: {}", height));
        }
    }
    if style.aspect_ratio.is_none() {
        let aw = node.get_attribute("width").and_then(|w| w.parse::<f32>().ok());
        let ah = node.get_attribute("height").and_then(|h| h.parse::<f32>().ok());
        if let (Some(w), Some(h)) = (aw, ah) {
            if w > 0.0 && h > 0.0 {
                style.aspect_ratio = Some(w / h);
                style.aspect_ratio_is_mapped = true;
            }
        }
    }
    // An inline SVG with one CSS axis and a viewBox derives the other axis
    // from the viewBox's intrinsic aspect ratio. Framework logos commonly set
    // only a responsive utility width (`w-24 lg:w-28`) and rely on this rule;
    // without it the SVG border box had zero height and paint skipped it.
    if style.aspect_ratio.is_none()
        && node
            .as_element()
            .map_or(false, |element| element.local.as_ref() == "svg")
    {
        if let Some(view_box) = node
            .get_attribute("viewBox")
            .or_else(|| node.get_attribute("viewbox"))
        {
            let values: Vec<f32> = view_box
                .split(|c: char| c.is_ascii_whitespace() || c == ',')
                .filter(|part| !part.is_empty())
                .filter_map(|part| part.parse::<f32>().ok())
                .collect();
            if values.len() == 4 && values[2] > 0.0 && values[3] > 0.0 {
                style.aspect_ratio = Some(values[2] / values[3]);
            }
        }
    }
}

/// The selected `<picture><source>` contributes presentation hints to its
/// associated `<img>`. In particular, source width/height replace the fallback
/// image attributes and provide the pre-load aspect ratio. Gecko exposes this
/// as an extra mapped declaration block on HTMLImageElement; doing the same
/// before the author cascade preserves the correct origin and precedence.
fn apply_picture_source_hints(
    tree: &DomTree,
    img_id: NodeId,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    style: &mut crate::LayoutStyle,
) {
    let Some(img) = tree.get_node(img_id) else { return };
    if img
        .as_element()
        .map_or(true, |element| element.local.as_ref() != "img")
    {
        return;
    }
    let Some(parent_id) = img.parent else { return };
    let is_picture = tree
        .get_node(parent_id)
        .is_some_and(|parent| {
            parent
                .as_element()
                .is_some_and(|element| element.local.as_ref() == "picture")
        });
    if !is_picture {
        return;
    }

    let mut selected = None;
    for child_id in tree.children(parent_id) {
        if child_id == img_id {
            break;
        }
        let Some(source) = tree.get_node(child_id) else { continue };
        if source
            .as_element()
            .map_or(true, |element| element.local.as_ref() != "source")
        {
            continue;
        }
        if source
            .get_attribute("srcset")
            .is_none_or(|srcset| srcset.trim().is_empty())
        {
            continue;
        }
        if let Some(media) = source.get_attribute("media") {
            if !media.trim().is_empty()
                && !crate::css::media_query_applies_for_viewport(media, viewport)
            {
                continue;
            }
        }
        if let Some(kind) = source.get_attribute("type") {
            let kind = kind.trim().to_ascii_lowercase();
            if !kind.is_empty()
                && !matches!(
                    kind.as_str(),
                    "image/avif"
                        | "image/bmp"
                        | "image/gif"
                        | "image/jpeg"
                        | "image/jpg"
                        | "image/png"
                        | "image/svg+xml"
                        | "image/webp"
                        | "image/x-icon"
                        | "image/vnd.microsoft.icon"
                )
            {
                continue;
            }
        }
        selected = Some(source);
        break;
    }
    let Some(source) = selected else { return };
    let parse_dimension = |name| {
        source
            .get_attribute(name)
            .and_then(|value| value.trim().parse::<f32>().ok())
            .filter(|value| value.is_finite() && *value > 0.0)
    };
    let width = parse_dimension("width");
    let height = parse_dimension("height");
    if width.is_none() && height.is_none() {
        return;
    }

    // A missing source dimension explicitly maps to auto so it replaces the
    // corresponding fallback <img> presentation hint.
    style.width = width.map_or(crate::Dimension::Auto, crate::Dimension::Px);
    style.height = height.map_or(crate::Dimension::Auto, crate::Dimension::Px);
    style.width_set = true;
    style.height_set = true;
    style.aspect_ratio = match (width, height) {
        (Some(width), Some(height)) => Some(width / height),
        _ => None,
    };
    style.aspect_ratio_is_mapped = style.aspect_ratio.is_some();
}

/// Compute the UA + author style for every element in preorder, maintaining
/// `matcher`'s ancestor filter as we descend so descendant-combinator rules
/// fast-reject correctly. Non-element nodes (text, comments) are skipped but
/// still walked through, since an element may be their descendant.
fn cascade_walk(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    sheet: &crate::css::Stylesheet,
    matcher: &mut obscura_dom::selector::Matcher,
    styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    parent_props: &std::rc::Rc<HashMap<String, String>>,
    container_evaluator: &mut Option<&mut crate::css::ContainerQueryEvaluator<'_>>,
    quirks_mode: bool,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    inherited_cell_padding: Option<f32>,
    inherited_color_scheme_dark: bool,
) {
    let Some(node) = tree.get_node(id) else { return };
    let is_element = node.is_element();
    // The custom-property map in force for this node's subtree: the parent's,
    // unless this element declares its own `--x` (then a richer map).
    let mut this_props = parent_props.clone();
    let mut descendant_cell_padding = inherited_cell_padding;
    let mut descendant_color_scheme_dark = inherited_color_scheme_dark;
    if let Some(elem) = node.as_element() {
        if elem.local.as_ref() == "table" {
            // `cellpadding` is a table-scoped presentational hint applied to
            // its cells, below author CSS. Entering any nested table resets
            // the outer table's value before reading the nested attribute.
            descendant_cell_padding = node
                .get_attribute("cellpadding")
                .and_then(|value| value.trim().parse::<f32>().ok())
                .filter(|value| value.is_finite() && *value >= 0.0);
        }
        let mut style = crate::style::ua_style(elem.local.as_ref());
        style.color_scheme_dark = inherited_color_scheme_dark;
        if matches!(elem.local.as_ref(), "td" | "th") {
            if let Some(padding) = inherited_cell_padding {
                style.padding = crate::Edges {
                    top: padding,
                    right: padding,
                    bottom: padding,
                    left: padding,
                };
            }
        }
        if quirks_mode && elem.local.as_ref() == "form" {
            // Legacy HTML/quirks rendering keeps one em after forms. Standards
            // mode does not; Hacker News and many old document templates omit
            // a doctype and rely on this spacing.
            style.margin_relative[2] = Some(crate::Dimension::Em(1.0));
        }
        if elem.local.as_ref() == "input" {
            let input_type = node
                .get_attribute("type")
                .unwrap_or("text")
                .trim()
                .to_ascii_lowercase();
            if quirks_mode {
                style.box_sizing = crate::BoxSizing::BorderBox;
            }
            match input_type.as_str() {
                "checkbox" | "radio" => {
                    style.margin = crate::Edges {
                        top: 3.0,
                        right: 3.0,
                        bottom: 3.0,
                        left: 4.0,
                    };
                    style.padding = crate::Edges::default();
                    style.border = crate::Edges::default();
                }
                "range" | "color" => {
                    style.margin = crate::Edges {
                        top: 2.0,
                        right: 2.0,
                        bottom: 2.0,
                        left: 2.0,
                    };
                    style.padding = crate::Edges::default();
                    style.border = crate::Edges::default();
                }
                _ => {}
            }
        }
        // UA rule `[hidden]:not([hidden=until-found]) { display: none }`.
        // Applied before the author cascade so a matching author `display`
        // still wins (UA origin, per the HTML rendering spec). Sites ship
        // dialogs, tab panels, and menus with a plain `hidden` attribute and
        // reveal them by removing it (eBay's homepage interstitial uses
        // `.lightbox-dialog[role=dialog]:not([hidden]){display:flex}`), so
        // without this the hidden overlay paints its full-page dark backdrop.
        if let Some(h) = node.get_attribute("hidden") {
            if !h.eq_ignore_ascii_case("until-found") {
                style.display = crate::Display::None;
            }
        }
        apply_presentational_hints(&node, &mut style);
        apply_picture_source_hints(tree, id, viewport, &mut style);
        let node_id = node.get_attribute("id");
        let classes: Vec<String> = node
            .get_attribute("class")
            .map(|c| c.split_whitespace().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect())
            .unwrap_or_default();
        let effective_props = if let Some(evaluator) = container_evaluator.as_deref_mut() {
            sheet.apply_with_container_queries(
                tree,
                matcher,
                id,
                node_id,
                &classes,
                elem.local.as_ref(),
                &mut style,
                parent_props,
                node.get_attribute("style"),
                evaluator,
            )
        } else {
            sheet.apply(
                tree,
                matcher,
                id,
                node_id,
                &classes,
                elem.local.as_ref(),
                &mut style,
                parent_props,
                node.get_attribute("style"),
            )
        };
        if let Some(m) = effective_props {
            this_props = std::rc::Rc::new(m);
        }
        let (before_pseudo, after_pseudo) =
            if let Some(evaluator) = container_evaluator.as_deref_mut() {
                sheet.pseudo_styles_with_container_queries(
                    tree,
                    matcher,
                    id,
                    &this_props,
                    &style,
                    evaluator,
                )
            } else {
                sheet.pseudo_styles(tree, matcher, id, &this_props, &style)
            };
        style.before_content = before_pseudo
            .as_ref()
            .filter(|pseudo| pseudo.position != Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
            .and_then(|pseudo| pseudo.before_content.clone());
        style.after_content = after_pseudo
            .as_ref()
            .filter(|pseudo| pseudo.position != Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
            .and_then(|pseudo| pseudo.before_content.clone());
        style.before_pseudo = before_pseudo.map(Box::new);
        style.after_pseudo = after_pseudo.map(Box::new);
        descendant_color_scheme_dark = style.color_scheme_dark;
        styles.insert(id, style);
    }

    if is_element {
        matcher.push_ancestor(tree, id);
    }
    for cid in tree.children(id) {
        cascade_walk(
            tree,
            cid,
            sheet,
            matcher,
            styles,
            &this_props,
            container_evaluator,
            quirks_mode,
            viewport,
            descendant_cell_padding,
            descendant_color_scheme_dark,
        );
    }
    if is_element {
        matcher.pop_ancestor();
    }
}

/// Lay out a DOM tree within `viewport` (width, height) in CSS pixels.
pub fn layout_dom(tree: &DomTree, viewport: (f32, f32)) -> DomLayout {
    layout_dom_with_images(tree, viewport, &HashMap::new())
}

/// Like [`layout_dom`], but `intrinsic` supplies fetched intrinsic pixel sizes
/// (width, height) for replaced elements keyed by `NodeId`. Paint collects
/// these before layout (it has the base URL and the image cache) so a
/// CSS-sized `<img>` with no width/height attribute gets a real box from its
/// intrinsic ratio instead of collapsing to zero area.
pub fn layout_dom_with_images(
    tree: &DomTree,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    intrinsic: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
) -> DomLayout {
    layout_dom_with_resources(tree, viewport, intrinsic, &[])
}

/// Like [`layout_dom_with_images`], with decoded OpenType web-font data loaded
/// into the shaping database for this render pass.
pub fn layout_dom_with_resources(
    tree: &DomTree,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    intrinsic: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    fonts: &[Vec<u8>],
) -> DomLayout {
    let fonts: Vec<_> = fonts
        .iter()
        .map(|data| crate::inline::WebFont {
            data: data.clone(),
            family: None,
            weight: None,
            italic: None,
        })
        .collect();
    layout_dom_with_web_fonts(tree, viewport, intrinsic, &fonts)
}

const CONTAINER_LAYOUT_SAFETY_LIMIT: usize = 512;

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum ContainerLayoutTermination {
    NoQueries,
    GeometryStable,
    SignatureStable,
    OscillationFallback,
    PassCapFallback,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
struct ContainerLayoutTelemetry {
    passes: usize,
    termination: ContainerLayoutTermination,
    query: crate::css::ContainerQueryStats,
}

fn container_iteration_termination<T: PartialEq>(
    geometry_stable: bool,
    signature: &T,
    previous_signature: Option<&T>,
) -> Option<ContainerLayoutTermination> {
    if geometry_stable {
        Some(ContainerLayoutTermination::GeometryStable)
    } else if previous_signature == Some(signature) {
        Some(ContainerLayoutTermination::SignatureStable)
    } else {
        None
    }
}

pub(crate) fn layout_dom_with_web_fonts(
    tree: &DomTree,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    intrinsic: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    fonts: &[crate::inline::WebFont],
) -> DomLayout {
    layout_dom_with_web_fonts_measured(tree, viewport, intrinsic, fonts).0
}

fn layout_dom_with_web_fonts_measured(
    tree: &DomTree,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    intrinsic: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    fonts: &[crate::inline::WebFont],
) -> (DomLayout, ContainerLayoutTelemetry) {
    layout_dom_with_web_fonts_pass_limit(tree, viewport, intrinsic, fonts, None)
}

fn layout_dom_with_web_fonts_pass_limit(
    tree: &DomTree,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    intrinsic: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    fonts: &[crate::inline::WebFont],
    pass_limit: Option<usize>,
) -> (DomLayout, ContainerLayoutTelemetry) {
    let timing = std::env::var("OBSCURA_RENDER_TIMING").is_ok();

    // Collect the text of every <style> block in document order.
    let mut css_sources = Vec::new();
    for nid in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
        if let Some(node) = tree.get_node(nid) {
            if let Some(elem) = node.as_element() {
                if elem.local.as_ref() == "style" {
                    css_sources.push(tree.text_content(nid));
                }
            }
        }
    }

    let t0 = std::time::Instant::now();
    let sheet = crate::css::Stylesheet::parse_for_viewport(tree, &css_sources, viewport);
    let t_parse = t0.elapsed();

    let (mut laid, _, mut query, mut cascade_time) = layout_dom_once(
        tree,
        viewport,
        intrinsic,
        fonts,
        &sheet,
        None,
    );
    if !sheet.has_container_queries() {
        if timing {
            let (r, i, c, l, u) = sheet.debug_stats();
            eprintln!("[timing] parse+index={:?} cascade={:?} rules={} id_keys={} class_keys={} local_keys={} universal={} cq_passes=1 cq_termination=no-queries", t_parse, cascade_time, r, i, c, l, u);
        }
        return (
            laid,
            ContainerLayoutTelemetry {
                passes: 1,
                termination: ContainerLayoutTermination::NoQueries,
                query,
            },
        );
    }

    let mut snapshot = container_snapshot(tree, &laid);
    let mut previous_candidate: Option<(
        DomLayout,
        crate::css::ContainerDecisionSignature,
    )> = None;
    let mut seen_signatures = Vec::new();
    let mut passes = 1;
    let mut termination = ContainerLayoutTermination::PassCapFallback;
    // Gecko permits at most one CQ-triggered update per container element in
    // one flush and processes ancestors before descendants. Our whole-tree
    // passes need the same order of growth: a chain can legitimately reveal
    // one deeper query container per pass. Scale the useful bound with DOM
    // ancestry and nested conditional depth, retaining a high safety limit
    // against adversarial non-convergence. Hitting it is visible telemetry and
    // uses the conservative fallback below, never a silently stale layout.
    // `descendants` is preorder, so every parent depth is available before
    // its children. Keep this O(nodes): walking every ancestor separately
    // makes a deeply nested document quadratic before layout even starts.
    let mut element_depths = HashMap::new();
    element_depths.insert(tree.document(), 0usize);
    let mut max_dom_depth = 1usize;
    for id in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
        let Some(node) = tree.get_node(id) else {
            continue;
        };
        let parent_depth = node
            .parent
            .and_then(|parent| element_depths.get(&parent).copied())
            .unwrap_or(0);
        let depth = parent_depth + usize::from(node.is_element());
        element_depths.insert(id, depth);
        max_dom_depth = max_dom_depth.max(depth);
    }
    let max_passes = pass_limit.unwrap_or_else(|| {
        (max_dom_depth + sheet.container_condition_depth() + 2)
            .clamp(4, CONTAINER_LAYOUT_SAFETY_LIMIT)
    });
    let mut needs_fallback = false;
    for pass in 2..=max_passes {
        let (next, signature, pass_query, pass_cascade) = layout_dom_once(
            tree,
            viewport,
            intrinsic,
            fonts,
            &sheet,
            Some(&snapshot),
        );
        passes = pass;
        query.evaluations += pass_query.evaluations;
        query.cache_hits += pass_query.cache_hits;
        query.ancestor_steps += pass_query.ancestor_steps;
        cascade_time += pass_cascade;
        let next_snapshot = container_snapshot(tree, &next);
        let signature = signature.expect("container pass must produce a signature");
        if let Some(reason) = container_iteration_termination(
            next_snapshot == snapshot,
            &signature,
            previous_candidate
                .as_ref()
                .map(|(_, signature)| signature),
        ) {
            termination = reason;
            // Equal adjacent signatures prove that the *previous* candidate's
            // applied decisions match an evaluation of its own final
            // snapshot. Returning `next` here would be off by one and could
            // expose styles evaluated against geometry it no longer has.
            laid = if reason == ContainerLayoutTermination::SignatureStable {
                previous_candidate
                    .take()
                    .expect("stable signature requires a previous candidate")
                    .0
            } else {
                next
            };
            break;
        }
        if seen_signatures.contains(&signature) {
            termination = ContainerLayoutTermination::OscillationFallback;
            needs_fallback = true;
            break;
        }
        seen_signatures.push(signature.clone());
        previous_candidate = Some((next, signature));
        snapshot = next_snapshot;
        if pass == max_passes {
            needs_fallback = true;
        }
    }

    if needs_fallback {
        // Author-controlled CSS must never crash rendering, but neither may
        // we return a layout whose conditional declarations contradict the
        // geometry used to choose them. Disable the unstable conditional
        // rules for this render and expose the downgrade in telemetry.
        let (fallback, _, fallback_query, fallback_cascade) = layout_dom_once(
            tree,
            viewport,
            intrinsic,
            fonts,
            &sheet,
            None,
        );
        laid = fallback;
        passes += 1;
        query.evaluations += fallback_query.evaluations;
        query.cache_hits += fallback_query.cache_hits;
        query.ancestor_steps += fallback_query.ancestor_steps;
        cascade_time += fallback_cascade;
    }

    if timing {
        let (r, i, c, l, u) = sheet.debug_stats();
        eprintln!("[timing] parse+index={:?} cascade_total={:?} rules={} id_keys={} class_keys={} local_keys={} universal={} cq_passes={} cq_termination={:?} cq_evaluations={} cq_cache_hits={} cq_ancestor_steps={}", t_parse, cascade_time, r, i, c, l, u, passes, termination, query.evaluations, query.cache_hits, query.ancestor_steps);
    }
    (
        laid,
        ContainerLayoutTelemetry {
            passes,
            termination,
            query,
        },
    )
}

fn layout_dom_once(
    tree: &DomTree,
    viewport: (f32, f32),
    intrinsic: &HashMap<NodeId, (f32, f32)>,
    fonts: &[crate::inline::WebFont],
    sheet: &crate::css::Stylesheet,
    snapshot: Option<&crate::css::ContainerSnapshot>,
) -> (
    DomLayout,
    Option<crate::css::ContainerDecisionSignature>,
    crate::css::ContainerQueryStats,
    std::time::Duration,
) {
    let t1 = std::time::Instant::now();
    let mut matcher = tree.matcher();
    let mut styles: HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle> = HashMap::new();
    let root_props = std::rc::Rc::new(HashMap::new());
    let mut evaluator =
        snapshot.map(|snapshot| crate::css::ContainerQueryEvaluator::new(tree, snapshot));
    let mut evaluator_ref = evaluator.as_mut();
    // A real preorder walk (not a flat descendants() scan) so the matcher's
    // ancestor bloom filter tracks the current path: push before recursing
    // into children, pop on the way back out. This is what lets descendant
    // combinators (".mw-body .firstHeading") fast-reject via the filter
    // instead of falling back to the always-true "can't reject" case.
    let quirks_mode = !tree
        .descendants(tree.document())
        .into_iter()
        .any(|id| {
            tree.get_node(id).map_or(false, |node| {
                matches!(node.data, obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Doctype { .. })
            })
        });
    cascade_walk(
        tree,
        tree.document(),
        &sheet,
        &mut matcher,
        &mut styles,
        &root_props,
        &mut evaluator_ref,
        quirks_mode,
        viewport,
        None,
        false,
    );
    let cascade_time = t1.elapsed();
    let (signature, query_stats) = evaluator.map_or_else(
        || (None, crate::css::ContainerQueryStats::default()),
        |evaluator| {
            let (signature, stats) = evaluator.finish();
            (Some(signature), stats)
        },
    );
    grow_trailing_auto_cells(tree, &mut styles);

    // The leaf context is the index of a cosmic-text inline formatting
    // context in `engine`; leaves without text carry no context.
    let mut taffy_tree: TaffyTree<usize> = TaffyTree::new();
    let mut id_map: HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId> = HashMap::new();
    let mut words: HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)> = HashMap::new();
    let mut engine = crate::inline::TextEngine::new_with_web_fonts(fonts);
    let mut ifc_items = IfcRegistry::default();

    // The document node itself is not an element; lay out from the first
    // element descendant (the <html> root).
    let root = tree
        .descendants(tree.document())
        .into_iter()
        .find(|id| tree.get_node(*id).map(|n| n.is_element()).unwrap_or(false));

    let mut rects = HashMap::new();
    let mut text_runs = HashMap::new();
    // Final absolute rects of anonymous inline-run leaves, keyed by the
    // engine item index (they have no DOM id to key `rects` by).
    let mut anon_rects: HashMap<usize, Rect> = HashMap::new();
    let mut generated_rects: Vec<Option<Rect>> = Vec::new();
    if let Some(root_id) = root {
        // Headless Chromium's classic scrollbar gutter is 15 CSS pixels.
        // `scrollbar-gutter:stable` reserves it even when the scrollbar track
        // is hidden, and Gecko subtracts the platform gutter from the viewport
        // containing block. Media queries and vw still see the full visual
        // viewport; percentages and auto widths use this reduced ICB.
        const CLASSIC_SCROLLBAR_GUTTER: f32 = 15.0;
        let root_gutters = styles
            .get(&root_id)
            .map_or(0, |style| style.scrollbar_gutters.min(2));
        let initial_cb_width =
            (viewport.0 - CLASSIC_SCROLLBAR_GUTTER * f32::from(root_gutters)).max(0.0);
        let initial_cb_x = if root_gutters == 2 {
            CLASSIC_SCROLLBAR_GUTTER
        } else {
            0.0
        };
        // Top-down inheritance of the properties CSS inherits by default.
        #[derive(Clone)]
        struct Inherited {
            color: Option<[u8; 4]>,
            font_size: Option<f32>,
            font_weight: u16,
            font_family: Option<String>,
            font_optical_sizing: crate::FontOpticalSizing,
            font_variation_settings: Vec<crate::FontVariationSetting>,
            letter_spacing: f32,
            letter_spacing_non_normal: bool,
            container_type: crate::ContainerType,
            container_names: Vec<String>,
            text_align: Option<taffy::AlignItems>,
            text_indent: crate::Dimension,
            legacy_center: bool,
            visibility_hidden: bool,
            opacity_product: f32,
            list_style: crate::ListStyle,
            line_height: crate::LineHeight,
            text_wrap_style: crate::TextWrapStyle,
            text_transform: crate::TextTransform,
            italic: bool,
            box_sizing: crate::BoxSizing,
            border_collapse: bool,
            table_vertical_align: Option<crate::VerticalAlign>,
            /// Containing-block width in px for the current element, carried
            /// down so percentage padding/margin (which resolve against the
            /// containing block WIDTH, all sides) can be turned into px before
            /// taffy layout. Not a CSS-inherited property; it is recomputed to
            /// the element's own content width for its children.
            cb_width: f32,
            /// Whether the containing block has a definite height. Percentage
            /// heights in ordinary flow compute to auto when this is false;
            /// resolving them against a synthetic zero height collapses
            /// content-heavy modern UI wrappers such as code editors.
            cb_height_definite: bool,
        }
        impl Default for Inherited {
            fn default() -> Self {
                Inherited {
                    color: None,
                    font_size: None,
                    font_weight: 400,
                    font_family: None,
                    font_optical_sizing: crate::FontOpticalSizing::Auto,
                    font_variation_settings: Vec::new(),
                    letter_spacing: 0.0,
                    letter_spacing_non_normal: false,
                    container_type: crate::ContainerType::Normal,
                    container_names: Vec::new(),
                    text_align: None,
                    text_indent: crate::Dimension::Px(0.0),
                    legacy_center: false,
                    visibility_hidden: false,
                    opacity_product: 1.0,
                    // CSS initial value of list-style-type.
                    list_style: crate::ListStyle::Disc,
                    line_height: crate::LineHeight::Normal,
                    text_wrap_style: crate::TextWrapStyle::Auto,
                    text_transform: crate::TextTransform::None,
                    italic: false,
                    box_sizing: crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox,
                    border_collapse: false,
                    table_vertical_align: None,
                    cb_width: 0.0,
                    cb_height_definite: false,
                }
            }
        }
        // Viewport-per-unit for vw/vh, and the root font-size for rem. em/rem/
        // vw/vh lengths were parsed unresolved (the element font-size and
        // viewport are not known at parse time); resolve them here, top-down,
        // where the computed font-size is available.
        let vw = viewport.0 / 100.0;
        let vh = viewport.1 / 100.0;
        let root_fs = {
            let s = styles.get(&root_id);
            match (
                s.and_then(|s| s.font_size),
                s.and_then(|s| s.font_size_raw),
                s.and_then(|s| s.font_size_expression.as_deref()),
            ) {
                (Some(px), _, _) => px,
                (None, _, Some(expression)) => {
                    crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                        expression,
                        16.0,
                        16.0,
                        vw,
                        vh,
                        16.0,
                    )
                    .unwrap_or(16.0)
                }
                (None, Some(d), _) => match d.resolve(16.0, 16.0, vw, vh) {
                    crate::Dimension::Px(p) => p,
                    crate::Dimension::Percent(p) => 16.0 * p,
                    _ => 16.0,
                },
                _ => 16.0,
            }
        };

        // The root element's containing block is the initial containing block,
        // i.e. the viewport width.
        let mut root_inh = Inherited::default();
        root_inh.cb_width = initial_cb_width;
        root_inh.cb_height_definite = true;
        let mut queue = vec![(root_id, root_inh)];
        while let Some((id, mut inh)) = queue.pop() {
            // Default the child containing-block width to this element's own
            // (updated to its content width inside the block below).
            let mut child_cb_width = inh.cb_width;
            let mut child_cb_height_definite = false;
            if let Some(style) = styles.get_mut(&id) {
                match style.color { Some(c) => inh.color = Some(c), None => style.color = inh.color }
                // Resolve a relative font-size against the PARENT (em/%) or
                // ROOT (rem) font-size before inheriting it downward.
                let parent_fs = inh.font_size.unwrap_or(16.0);
                if let Some(expression) = style.font_size_expression.as_deref() {
                    style.font_size = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                        expression,
                        parent_fs,
                        root_fs,
                        vw,
                        vh,
                        parent_fs,
                    );
                } else if let Some(raw) = style.font_size_raw {
                    let resolved = match raw {
                        crate::Dimension::Percent(p) => parent_fs * p,
                        crate::Dimension::Em(v) => parent_fs * v,
                        d => match d.resolve(parent_fs, root_fs, vw, vh) {
                            crate::Dimension::Px(p) => p,
                            _ => parent_fs,
                        },
                    };
                    style.font_size = Some(resolved);
                }
                match style.font_size { Some(s) => inh.font_size = Some(s), None => style.font_size = inh.font_size }
                // em in non-font-size properties is relative to this element's
                // OWN computed font-size; resolve every relative length now.
                let em_px = style.font_size.unwrap_or(parent_fs);
                if let Some(expression) = style.letter_spacing_expression.as_deref() {
                    style.letter_spacing = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                        expression,
                        em_px,
                        root_fs,
                        vw,
                        vh,
                        em_px,
                    );
                } else if let Some(raw) = style.letter_spacing_raw {
                    style.letter_spacing = match raw.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh) {
                        crate::Dimension::Px(pixels) if pixels.is_finite() => Some(pixels),
                        _ => None,
                    };
                }
                match style.letter_spacing {
                    Some(spacing) if spacing.is_finite() => inh.letter_spacing = spacing,
                    _ => style.letter_spacing = Some(inh.letter_spacing),
                }
                match style.letter_spacing_non_normal {
                    Some(non_normal) => inh.letter_spacing_non_normal = non_normal,
                    None => {
                        style.letter_spacing_non_normal =
                            Some(inh.letter_spacing_non_normal)
                    }
                }
                if style.container_type_inherit {
                    style.container_type = inh.container_type;
                }
                if style.container_names_inherit {
                    style.container_names.clone_from(&inh.container_names);
                }
                inh.container_type = style.container_type;
                inh.container_names.clone_from(&style.container_names);
                if let Some(expression) = style.row_gap_expression.as_deref() {
                    style.row_gap = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                        expression,
                        em_px,
                        root_fs,
                        vw,
                        vh,
                        inh.cb_width,
                    );
                }
                if let Some(expression) = style.column_gap_expression.as_deref() {
                    style.column_gap = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                        expression,
                        em_px,
                        root_fs,
                        vw,
                        vh,
                        inh.cb_width,
                    );
                }
                if let Some(expression) = style.line_height_expression.as_deref() {
                    if let Some(resolved) = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                        expression,
                        em_px,
                        root_fs,
                        vw,
                        vh,
                        em_px,
                    ) {
                        style.line_height = Some(
                            if crate::style::line_height_expression_is_length(
                                expression,
                            ) {
                                crate::LineHeight::Px(resolved)
                            } else {
                                crate::LineHeight::Ratio(resolved)
                            },
                        );
                    }
                } else if let Some(crate::LineHeight::Relative(relative)) =
                    style.line_height
                {
                    let pixels = match relative {
                        crate::Dimension::Percent(percent) => em_px * percent,
                        dimension => match dimension.resolve(
                            em_px,
                            root_fs,
                            vw,
                            vh,
                        ) {
                            crate::Dimension::Px(pixels) => pixels,
                            _ => em_px,
                        },
                    };
                    style.line_height = Some(crate::LineHeight::Px(pixels));
                }
                let cb_w = inh.cb_width;
                for index in 0..6 {
                    let Some(expression) = style.size_expressions[index].as_deref() else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    let percent_base = if matches!(index, 1 | 3 | 5) {
                        viewport.1
                    } else {
                        cb_w
                    };
                    let Some(px) = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                        expression,
                        em_px,
                        root_fs,
                        vw,
                        vh,
                        percent_base,
                    ) else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    let resolved = crate::Dimension::Px(px);
                    match index {
                        0 => style.width = resolved,
                        1 => style.height = resolved,
                        2 => style.min_width = resolved,
                        3 => style.min_height = resolved,
                        4 => style.max_width = resolved,
                        _ => style.max_height = resolved,
                    }
                }
                style.width = style.width.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                style.height = style.height.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                style.min_width = style.min_width.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                style.min_height = style.min_height.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                style.max_width = style.max_width.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                style.max_height = style.max_height.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                style.flex_basis = style.flex_basis.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                if matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Percent(_))
                    && !inh.cb_height_definite
                    && !matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
                {
                    style.height = crate::Dimension::Auto;
                }
                child_cb_height_definite = matches!(
                    style.height,
                    crate::Dimension::Px(_) | crate::Dimension::Percent(_)
                );
                for index in 0..4 {
                    let Some(expression) =
                        style.inset_expressions[index].as_deref()
                    else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    let percent_base = if matches!(index, 1 | 3) {
                        cb_w
                    } else {
                        viewport.1
                    };
                    style.inset[index] =
                        crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                            expression,
                            em_px,
                            root_fs,
                            vw,
                            vh,
                            percent_base,
                        )
                        .map(crate::Dimension::Px);
                }
                for i in style.inset.iter_mut() {
                    if let Some(d) = i {
                        *i = Some(d.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh));
                    }
                }
                // A fixed box is positioned against the initial containing
                // block, whose dimensions are the viewport, not the full
                // scrollable root element. Taffy attaches out-of-flow boxes to
                // a layout node, and the root node can grow to the document's
                // full content height. Make the CSS 2.1 stretch equation
                // explicit for the ubiquitous `position:fixed; inset:0` case
                // so overlays/canvases remain exactly viewport-sized.
                if style.position_fixed {
                    if style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto {
                        if let (
                            Some(crate::Dimension::Px(right)),
                            Some(crate::Dimension::Px(left)),
                        ) = (style.inset[1], style.inset[3])
                        {
                            style.width =
                                crate::Dimension::Px((initial_cb_width - left - right).max(0.0));
                        }
                    }
                    if style.height == crate::Dimension::Auto {
                        if let (
                            Some(crate::Dimension::Px(top)),
                            Some(crate::Dimension::Px(bottom)),
                        ) = (style.inset[0], style.inset[2])
                        {
                            style.height = crate::Dimension::Px(
                                (viewport.1 - top - bottom).max(0.0),
                            );
                        }
                    }
                    child_cb_height_definite = matches!(
                        style.height,
                        crate::Dimension::Px(_) | crate::Dimension::Percent(_)
                    );
                }
                let computed_weight = crate::style::computed_font_weight(
                    style.font_weight.as_deref(),
                    inh.font_weight,
                );
                style.font_weight = Some(computed_weight.to_string());
                inh.font_weight = computed_weight;
                match &style.font_family { Some(f) => inh.font_family = Some(f.clone()), None => style.font_family = inh.font_family.clone() }
                match style.font_optical_sizing {
                    Some(value) => inh.font_optical_sizing = value,
                    None => style.font_optical_sizing = Some(inh.font_optical_sizing),
                }
                match &style.font_variation_settings {
                    Some(settings) => inh.font_variation_settings.clone_from(settings),
                    None => {
                        style.font_variation_settings =
                            Some(inh.font_variation_settings.clone())
                    }
                }
                let is_table = tree
                    .get_node(id)
                    .map_or(false, |node| {
                        node.as_element()
                            .map_or(false, |name| name.local.as_ref() == "table")
                    });
                if is_table && inh.legacy_center && style.text_align.is_none() {
                    // The vendor alignment used by <center> centers the table
                    // outer box but does not leak into its internal formatting
                    // context. Browser UA table layout resets it to start.
                    style.text_align = Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START);
                    style.legacy_center = false;
                    inh.text_align = style.text_align;
                    inh.legacy_center = false;
                } else {
                    match style.text_align {
                        Some(a) => {
                            inh.text_align = Some(a);
                            inh.legacy_center = style.legacy_center;
                        }
                        None => {
                            style.text_align = inh.text_align;
                            style.legacy_center = inh.legacy_center;
                        }
                    }
                }
                match style.text_indent {
                    Some(indent) => {
                        let indent = indent.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh);
                        style.text_indent = Some(indent);
                        inh.text_indent = indent;
                    }
                    None => style.text_indent = Some(inh.text_indent),
                }
                inh.visibility_hidden = style.visibility_hidden.unwrap_or(inh.visibility_hidden);
                inh.opacity_product *= style.opacity.unwrap_or(1.0);
                style.effectively_invisible = inh.visibility_hidden || inh.opacity_product < 0.02;
                match style.list_style { Some(v) => inh.list_style = v, None => style.list_style = Some(inh.list_style) }
                match style.line_height { Some(v) => inh.line_height = v, None => style.line_height = Some(inh.line_height) }
                match style.text_wrap_style { Some(v) => inh.text_wrap_style = v, None => style.text_wrap_style = Some(inh.text_wrap_style) }
                match style.text_transform { Some(v) => inh.text_transform = v, None => style.text_transform = Some(inh.text_transform) }
                match style.font_style_italic { Some(v) => inh.italic = v, None => style.font_style_italic = Some(inh.italic) }
                if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::Inherit {
                    style.box_sizing = inh.box_sizing;
                }
                inh.box_sizing = style.box_sizing;
                match style.border_collapse {
                    Some(value) => inh.border_collapse = value,
                    None => style.border_collapse = Some(inh.border_collapse),
                }
                let is_table_part = tree.get_node(id).map_or(false, |node| {
                    node.as_element().map_or(false, |name| {
                        matches!(
                            name.local.as_ref(),
                            "tbody" | "thead" | "tfoot" | "tr" | "td" | "th"
                        )
                    })
                });
                if is_table_part {
                    match style.vertical_align {
                        Some(value) => inh.table_vertical_align = Some(value),
                        None => style.vertical_align = inh.table_vertical_align,
                    }
                }

                // Resolve font/viewport-relative box edges now that their
                // reference sizes are known. Percentage margins still use the
                // estimated containing-block width here. Pure percentage
                // padding stays typed until Taffy knows the final flex/grid
                // containing-block inline size; its used pixels are synced
                // back into `LayoutStyle` after the final layout.
                for i in 0..4 {
                    if let Some(expression) = style.padding_expressions[i].as_deref() {
                        if let Some(px) = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                            expression,
                            em_px,
                            root_fs,
                            vw,
                            vh,
                            cb_w,
                        ) {
                            match i {
                                0 => style.padding.top = px.max(0.0),
                                1 => style.padding.right = px.max(0.0),
                                2 => style.padding.bottom = px.max(0.0),
                                _ => style.padding.left = px.max(0.0),
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(expression) = style.margin_expressions[i].as_deref() {
                        if let Some(px) = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                            expression,
                            em_px,
                            root_fs,
                            vw,
                            vh,
                            cb_w,
                        ) {
                            match i {
                                0 => style.margin.top = px,
                                1 => style.margin.right = px,
                                2 => style.margin.bottom = px,
                                _ => style.margin.left = px,
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(relative) = style.padding_relative[i] {
                        if let crate::Dimension::Px(px) =
                            relative.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh)
                        {
                            match i {
                                0 => style.padding.top = px.max(0.0),
                                1 => style.padding.right = px.max(0.0),
                                2 => style.padding.bottom = px.max(0.0),
                                _ => style.padding.left = px.max(0.0),
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(relative) = style.margin_relative[i] {
                        if let crate::Dimension::Px(px) =
                            relative.resolve(em_px, root_fs, vw, vh)
                        {
                            match i {
                                0 => style.margin.top = px,
                                1 => style.margin.right = px,
                                2 => style.margin.bottom = px,
                                _ => style.margin.left = px,
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if let Some(frac) = style.margin_percent[i] {
                        let px = frac * cb_w;
                        match i {
                            0 => style.margin.top = px,
                            1 => style.margin.right = px,
                            2 => style.margin.bottom = px,
                            _ => style.margin.left = px,
                        }
                    }
                }

                // Pseudo-elements inherit the originating element's COMPUTED
                // values. They were cascaded beside the host before this
                // top-down pass, so inheriting its still-unresolved specified
                // values there made `font-size:.875rem` disappear and left a
                // positioned generated label at the 16px paint fallback.
                // Resolve pseudo-authored relative values against the host,
                // then fill every omitted inherited property from the host's
                // now-final computed style.
                let host_color = style.color;
                let host_font_size = style.font_size.unwrap_or(parent_fs);
                let host_letter_spacing = style.letter_spacing.unwrap_or(0.0);
                let host_letter_spacing_non_normal =
                    style.letter_spacing_non_normal.unwrap_or(false);
                let host_weight = crate::style::used_font_weight(style);
                let host_family = style.font_family.clone();
                let host_optical_sizing = style.font_optical_sizing;
                let host_variation_settings = style.font_variation_settings.clone();
                let host_line_height = style.line_height;
                let host_text_wrap_style = style.text_wrap_style;
                let host_transform = style.text_transform;
                let host_italic = style.font_style_italic;
                let host_text_align = style.text_align;
                let host_text_indent = style.text_indent;
                let host_invisible = style.effectively_invisible;
                let settle_pseudo = |pseudo: &mut crate::LayoutStyle| {
                    if let Some(expression) = pseudo.font_size_expression.as_deref() {
                        pseudo.font_size = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                            expression,
                            host_font_size,
                            root_fs,
                            vw,
                            vh,
                            host_font_size,
                        );
                    } else if let Some(raw) = pseudo.font_size_raw {
                        pseudo.font_size = Some(match raw {
                            crate::Dimension::Percent(percent) => host_font_size * percent,
                            crate::Dimension::Em(value) => host_font_size * value,
                            dimension => match dimension.resolve(
                                host_font_size,
                                root_fs,
                                vw,
                                vh,
                            ) {
                                crate::Dimension::Px(pixels) => pixels,
                                _ => host_font_size,
                            },
                        });
                    } else if pseudo.font_size.is_none() {
                        pseudo.font_size = Some(host_font_size);
                    }
                    let pseudo_em = pseudo.font_size.unwrap_or(host_font_size);
                    if let Some(expression) = pseudo.letter_spacing_expression.as_deref() {
                        pseudo.letter_spacing = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                            expression,
                            pseudo_em,
                            root_fs,
                            vw,
                            vh,
                            pseudo_em,
                        );
                    } else if let Some(raw) = pseudo.letter_spacing_raw {
                        pseudo.letter_spacing =
                            match raw.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh) {
                                crate::Dimension::Px(pixels) if pixels.is_finite() => {
                                    Some(pixels)
                                }
                                _ => None,
                            };
                    } else if pseudo.letter_spacing.is_none() {
                        pseudo.letter_spacing = Some(host_letter_spacing);
                    }
                    if pseudo.letter_spacing_non_normal.is_none() {
                        pseudo.letter_spacing_non_normal =
                            Some(host_letter_spacing_non_normal);
                    }
                    for index in 0..6 {
                        if let Some(expression) = pseudo.size_expressions[index].as_deref() {
                            let percent_base = if matches!(index, 1 | 3 | 5) {
                                viewport.1
                            } else {
                                cb_w
                            };
                            if let Some(px) = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                                expression,
                                pseudo_em,
                                root_fs,
                                vw,
                                vh,
                                percent_base,
                            ) {
                                let resolved = crate::Dimension::Px(px);
                                match index {
                                    0 => pseudo.width = resolved,
                                    1 => pseudo.height = resolved,
                                    2 => pseudo.min_width = resolved,
                                    3 => pseudo.min_height = resolved,
                                    4 => pseudo.max_width = resolved,
                                    _ => pseudo.max_height = resolved,
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    pseudo.width = pseudo.width.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh);
                    pseudo.height = pseudo.height.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh);
                    pseudo.min_width = pseudo.min_width.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh);
                    pseudo.min_height = pseudo.min_height.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh);
                    pseudo.max_width = pseudo.max_width.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh);
                    pseudo.max_height = pseudo.max_height.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh);
                    for index in 0..4 {
                        if let Some(relative) = pseudo.padding_relative[index] {
                            if let crate::Dimension::Px(px) =
                                relative.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh)
                            {
                                match index {
                                    0 => pseudo.padding.top = px.max(0.0),
                                    1 => pseudo.padding.right = px.max(0.0),
                                    2 => pseudo.padding.bottom = px.max(0.0),
                                    _ => pseudo.padding.left = px.max(0.0),
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if let Some(relative) = pseudo.margin_relative[index] {
                            if let crate::Dimension::Px(px) =
                                relative.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh)
                            {
                                match index {
                                    0 => pseudo.margin.top = px,
                                    1 => pseudo.margin.right = px,
                                    2 => pseudo.margin.bottom = px,
                                    _ => pseudo.margin.left = px,
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if let Some(percent) = pseudo.margin_percent[index] {
                            let px = percent * cb_w;
                            match index {
                                0 => pseudo.margin.top = px,
                                1 => pseudo.margin.right = px,
                                2 => pseudo.margin.bottom = px,
                                _ => pseudo.margin.left = px,
                            }
                        }
                        if let Some(inset) = pseudo.inset[index] {
                            pseudo.inset[index] = Some(inset.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh));
                        }
                    }
                    let weight = crate::style::computed_font_weight(
                        pseudo.font_weight.as_deref(),
                        host_weight,
                    );
                    pseudo.font_weight = Some(weight.to_string());
                    if pseudo.font_family.is_none() {
                        pseudo.font_family = host_family.clone();
                    }
                    if pseudo.font_optical_sizing.is_none() {
                        pseudo.font_optical_sizing = host_optical_sizing;
                    }
                    if pseudo.font_variation_settings.is_none() {
                        pseudo.font_variation_settings =
                            host_variation_settings.clone();
                    }
                    if let Some(expression) = pseudo.line_height_expression.as_deref() {
                        if let Some(resolved) = crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(
                            expression,
                            pseudo_em,
                            root_fs,
                            vw,
                            vh,
                            pseudo_em,
                        ) {
                            pseudo.line_height = Some(
                                if crate::style::line_height_expression_is_length(expression) {
                                    crate::LineHeight::Px(resolved)
                                } else {
                                    crate::LineHeight::Ratio(resolved)
                                },
                            );
                        }
                    } else if let Some(crate::LineHeight::Relative(relative)) =
                        pseudo.line_height
                    {
                        let pixels = match relative {
                            crate::Dimension::Percent(percent) => pseudo_em * percent,
                            dimension => match dimension.resolve(
                                pseudo_em,
                                root_fs,
                                vw,
                                vh,
                            ) {
                                crate::Dimension::Px(pixels) => pixels,
                                _ => pseudo_em,
                            },
                        };
                        pseudo.line_height = Some(crate::LineHeight::Px(pixels));
                    } else if pseudo.line_height.is_none() {
                        pseudo.line_height = host_line_height;
                    }
                    if pseudo.text_wrap_style.is_none() {
                        pseudo.text_wrap_style = host_text_wrap_style;
                    }
                    if pseudo.color.is_none() {
                        pseudo.color = host_color;
                    }
                    if pseudo.text_transform.is_none() {
                        pseudo.text_transform = host_transform;
                    }
                    if pseudo.font_style_italic.is_none() {
                        pseudo.font_style_italic = host_italic;
                    }
                    if pseudo.text_align.is_none() {
                        pseudo.text_align = host_text_align;
                    }
                    if pseudo.text_indent.is_none() {
                        pseudo.text_indent = host_text_indent;
                    } else if let Some(indent) = pseudo.text_indent {
                        pseudo.text_indent =
                            Some(indent.resolve(pseudo_em, root_fs, vw, vh));
                    }
                    pseudo.effectively_invisible = host_invisible;
                };
                if let Some(pseudo) = style.before_pseudo.as_deref_mut() {
                    settle_pseudo(pseudo);
                }
                if let Some(pseudo) = style.after_pseudo.as_deref_mut() {
                    settle_pseudo(pseudo);
                }

                // Containing-block width handed to this element's children is
                // its own content-box width. A definite content-box width is
                // already that value; a border-box or auto width includes
                // padding and border, which must be removed.
                let used_w = match style.width {
                    crate::Dimension::Px(w) => w,
                    crate::Dimension::Percent(p) => p * cb_w,
                    _ => (cb_w - style.margin.left - style.margin.right).max(0.0),
                };
                let definite_content_box = matches!(
                    style.width,
                    crate::Dimension::Px(_) | crate::Dimension::Percent(_)
                ) && style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox;
                child_cb_width = if definite_content_box {
                    used_w.max(0.0)
                } else {
                    (used_w
                        - style.padding.left
                        - style.padding.right
                        - style.border.left
                        - style.border.right)
                        .max(0.0)
                };
            }
            inh.cb_width = child_cb_width;
            inh.cb_height_definite = child_cb_height_definite;
            for cid in tree.children(id).into_iter().rev() {
                queue.push((cid, inh.clone()));
            }
        }

        // Border-collapse is inherited, so only distribute a table's
        // effective spacing to the legacy flex fallback after the computed
        // top-down values are known.
        propagate_border_spacing(tree, &mut styles);

        // Resolve native form-control intrinsic border-box geometry after
        // inheritance and author cascading. Text-like inputs use the HTML
        // `size` attribute (20 by default) and the control's own computed
        // font; author CSS widths/heights remain authoritative. Without this
        // replaced-control sizing, inputs/selects are empty auto-sized leaves
        // (0px tall and often stretched to their container).
        for (&id, style) in styles.iter_mut() {
            let Some(node) = tree.get_node(id) else {
                continue;
            };
            let Some(element) = node.as_element() else {
                continue;
            };
            if element.local.as_ref() == "button" && style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto {
                // Buttons remain intrinsically sized form controls even when
                // author CSS changes their inner display to flex/grid. Treating
                // `display:flex` as an ordinary block makes an auto-width
                // button stretch to its containing block (MDN's compact search
                // pill became 637px wide). Approximate the native max-content
                // border box from its label, generated icon, gap, and edges.
                let font_size = style.font_size.unwrap_or(13.333_333).max(1.0);
                let bold = crate::style::used_font_weight(style) >= 600;
                let label = tree
                    .text_content(id)
                    .split_whitespace()
                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                    .join(" ");
                let mut content_width =
                    text_width(
                        &label,
                        font_size,
                        bold,
                        style.font_family.as_deref(),
                        style.letter_spacing.unwrap_or(0.0),
                    );
                let pseudo_width = |pseudo: Option<&crate::LayoutStyle>| {
                    let Some(pseudo) = pseudo else { return 0.0 };
                    match pseudo.width {
                        crate::Dimension::Px(px) => px.max(0.0),
                        crate::Dimension::Em(value) | crate::Dimension::Rem(value) => {
                            (value * font_size).max(0.0)
                        }
                        crate::Dimension::Percent(percent) => (percent * font_size).max(0.0),
                        _ if pseudo.mask_image.is_some() || pseudo.background_image.is_some() => {
                            font_size
                        }
                        _ => 0.0,
                    }
                };
                let before = pseudo_width(style.before_pseudo.as_deref());
                let after = pseudo_width(style.after_pseudo.as_deref());
                let extra_parts = usize::from(before > 0.0) + usize::from(after > 0.0);
                content_width += before + after;
                if extra_parts > 0 && !label.is_empty() {
                    content_width += style.column_gap.unwrap_or(0.0) * extra_parts as f32;
                }
                let horizontal_edges = style.padding.left
                    + style.padding.right
                    + style.border.left
                    + style.border.right;
                style.width =
                    crate::Dimension::Px(if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                        content_width
                    } else {
                        content_width + horizontal_edges
                    });
            }
            if element.local.as_ref() == "select" {
                let option_labels: Vec<String> = tree
                    .descendants(id)
                    .into_iter()
                    .filter(|option_id| {
                        tree.get_node(*option_id)
                            .map_or(false, |option| {
                                option
                                    .as_element()
                                    .map_or(false, |name| name.local.as_ref() == "option")
                            })
                    })
                    .map(|option_id| tree.text_content(option_id).trim().to_string())
                    .collect();
                let font_size = style.font_size.unwrap_or(13.333_333).max(1.0);
                let bold = crate::style::used_font_weight(style) >= 600;
                let label_width = option_labels
                    .iter()
                    .map(|label| {
                        text_width(
                            label,
                            font_size,
                            bold,
                            style.font_family.as_deref(),
                            style.letter_spacing.unwrap_or(0.0),
                        )
                    })
                    .fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
                let horizontal_edges = style.padding.left
                    + style.padding.right
                    + style.border.left
                    + style.border.right;
                let vertical_edges = style.padding.top
                    + style.padding.bottom
                    + style.border.top
                    + style.border.bottom;
                let rows = node
                    .get_attribute("size")
                    .and_then(|value| value.parse::<usize>().ok())
                    .filter(|&value| value > 1)
                    .unwrap_or(1) as f32;
                let intrinsic_width = label_width + horizontal_edges;
                let intrinsic_height =
                    crate::inline::used_line_height(style).max(1.0) * rows
                        + vertical_edges;
                if style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto {
                    style.width = crate::Dimension::Px(
                        if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                            label_width
                        } else {
                            intrinsic_width
                        },
                    );
                }
                if style.height == crate::Dimension::Auto {
                    style.height = crate::Dimension::Px(
                        if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                            (intrinsic_height - vertical_edges).max(0.0)
                        } else {
                            intrinsic_height
                        },
                    );
                }
                continue;
            }
            if element.local.as_ref() != "input" {
                continue;
            }
            let input_type = node
                .get_attribute("type")
                .unwrap_or("text")
                .trim()
                .to_ascii_lowercase();
            if input_type == "hidden" {
                style.display = crate::Display::None;
                continue;
            }

            let font_size = style.font_size.unwrap_or(13.333_333).max(1.0);
            let horizontal_edges = style.padding.left
                + style.padding.right
                + style.border.left
                + style.border.right;
            let vertical_edges = style.padding.top
                + style.padding.bottom
                + style.border.top
                + style.border.bottom;
            let default_height =
                crate::inline::used_line_height(style).max(1.0) + vertical_edges;

            let (intrinsic_width, intrinsic_height) = match input_type.as_str() {
                "checkbox" | "radio" => (13.0, 13.0),
                "range" => (129.0, 16.0),
                "color" => (50.0, 27.0),
                "file" => (253.0, default_height.max(22.0)),
                "submit" | "reset" | "button" => {
                    let fallback = match input_type.as_str() {
                        "reset" => "Reset",
                        "button" => "",
                        _ => "Submit Query",
                    };
                    let label = node.get_attribute("value").unwrap_or(fallback);
                    (
                        (label.chars().count() as f32 * font_size * 0.55
                            + font_size * 1.5
                            + horizontal_edges)
                            .max(20.0),
                        default_height,
                    )
                }
                "image" => (horizontal_edges, vertical_edges),
                _ => {
                    let size = node
                        .get_attribute("size")
                        .and_then(|value| value.parse::<u32>().ok())
                        .filter(|&value| value > 0)
                        .unwrap_or(20) as f32;
                    (
                        size * font_size * 0.6
                            + font_size * 0.675
                            + horizontal_edges,
                        default_height,
                    )
                }
            };
            if style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto {
                let declared_width = if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                    (intrinsic_width - horizontal_edges).max(0.0)
                } else {
                    intrinsic_width
                };
                style.width = crate::Dimension::Px(declared_width);
            }
            if style.height == crate::Dimension::Auto {
                let declared_height = if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                    (intrinsic_height - vertical_edges).max(0.0)
                } else {
                    intrinsic_height
                };
                style.height = crate::Dimension::Px(declared_height);
            }
        }

        resolve_grid_areas(tree, root_id, &mut styles);

        // The root's outer display is always blockified. Keep a declared
        // inline-flex/grid root's inner mode, but remove its inline
        // participation marker before box construction.
        if let Some(root_style) = styles.get_mut(&root_id) {
            crate::blockify_outer_display(root_style);
        }

        // CSS Display blockification changes only the outer display. Preserve
        // the inner Flex/Grid mode of inline-flex/grid items.
        let item_parents: Vec<NodeId> = styles
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, s)| {
                s.display == crate::Display::Grid
                    || (s.display == crate::Display::Flex
                        && !s.internal_flex_container)
            })
            .map(|(&id, _)| id)
            .collect();
        for pid in item_parents {
            blockify_layout_children(tree, pid, &mut styles);
        }

        // In an auto-height column flex container, a zero flex basis still
        // participates in intrinsic main-size calculation through the item's
        // automatic minimum size. Taffy otherwise treats `flex: 1 1` plus
        // overflow:auto as an unconditional zero contribution, collapsing the
        // entire ancestor chain even when the item contains many lines. Use
        // an auto basis for this indefinite-size phase; definite-height flex
        // containers keep the authored zero basis and normal free-space math.
        let intrinsic_column_flex_parents: Vec<NodeId> = styles
            .iter()
            .filter(|(_, style)| {
                style.display == crate::Display::Flex
                    && style.flex_direction == Some(taffy::FlexDirection::Column)
                    && style.height == crate::Dimension::Auto
            })
            .map(|(&id, _)| id)
            .collect();
        for parent in intrinsic_column_flex_parents {
            for child in tree.children(parent) {
                let Some(style) = styles.get_mut(&child) else {
                    continue;
                };
                let zero_basis = matches!(
                    style.flex_basis,
                    crate::Dimension::Px(value) | crate::Dimension::Percent(value)
                        if value == 0.0
                );
                if zero_basis
                    && style.height == crate::Dimension::Auto
                    && style.min_height == crate::Dimension::Auto
                {
                    style.flex_basis = crate::Dimension::Auto;
                }
            }
        }

        // Absolute/fixed boxes and floats are blockified externally but retain
        // their inner formatting mode and their context-specific shrink-fit.
        for style in styles.values_mut() {
            if matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)) || style.float.is_some() {
                crate::blockify_outer_display(style);
            }
        }

        // The initial containing block is modelled by the root taffy node's
        // definite viewport height (set at build), which is what `html,body{
        // height:100%}` chains and sticky-footer app shells resolve against.
        // taffy 0.7 needed an extra `min-height: viewport` push on the root
        // style to stop those chains collapsing to content height; taffy 0.12
        // resolves them from the node's definite height directly, and that push
        // instead over-propagated the viewport height down every `height:100%`
        // subtree (nextjs.org's nav stretched to a full 688px, burying the
        // hero), so it is gone.

        // Apply fetched intrinsic image sizes. A replaced element with no
        // explicit dimensions must size from its intrinsic pixels (else it is
        // 0x0 and never paints); with one dimension given, the aspect ratio
        // fills the other. `max-width:100%` (a UA default for img) still caps
        // it to the container, and the aspect ratio keeps it proportional.
        for (&nid, &(iw, ih)) in intrinsic {
            if iw <= 0.0 || ih <= 0.0 {
                continue;
            }
            if let Some(s) = styles.get_mut(&nid) {
                s.intrinsic_size = Some((iw, ih));
                if s.aspect_ratio.is_none() || s.aspect_ratio_is_mapped {
                    s.aspect_ratio = Some(iw / ih);
                    s.aspect_ratio_is_mapped = false;
                }
            }
        }

        let deferred_cyclic_inline_sizes =
            defer_cyclic_flex_inline_sizes(tree, &mut styles, root_fs, vw, vh);

        if let Some(taffy_root) = build(tree, root_id, &mut taffy_tree, &mut id_map, &mut words, &mut engine, &mut ifc_items, &styles) {
            // Taffy has no outer display type and only gives an auto-width
            // Block root the initial-containing-block width. CSS blockifies
            // Flex/Grid roots too, so supply the equivalent used width while
            // leaving an authored root width untouched.
            if let Some(root_style) = styles.get(&root_id) {
                if root_style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto
                    && matches!(root_style.display, crate::Display::Flex | crate::Display::Grid)
                {
                    if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(taffy_root) {
                        let mut adjusted = current.clone();
                        let outer = (initial_cb_width
                            - root_style.margin.left
                            - root_style.margin.right)
                            .max(0.0);
                        let declared = if root_style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                            (outer
                                - root_style.padding.left
                                - root_style.padding.right
                                - root_style.border.left
                                - root_style.border.right)
                                .max(0.0)
                        } else {
                            outer
                        };
                        adjusted.size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(declared);
                        let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(taffy_root, adjusted);
                    }
                }
            }
            let static_position_candidates =
                reparent_inset_positioned_nodes(tree, &mut taffy_tree, taffy_root, &id_map, &styles);
            let available = taffy::Size {
                width: taffy::AvailableSpace::Definite(initial_cb_width),
                height: taffy::AvailableSpace::Definite(viewport.1),
            };
            #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
            {
                let engine = &mut engine;
                let mut measure =
                    |known: taffy::Size<Option<f32>>, avail: taffy::Size<taffy::AvailableSpace>, _node, ctx: Option<&mut usize>, _style: &taffy::Style| {
                        match ctx {
                            Some(&mut idx) => {
                                engine.measure_taffy(idx, known, avail)
                            }
                            None => taffy::Size::ZERO,
                        }
                    };

                // Table used-width pass. A grid table is built at width:auto, so
                // its final width has to be chosen the way CSS chooses a table's
                // used width: at least the content min-content (so an unbreakable
                // wide cell, e.g. a fixed-width image row in an infobox, makes the
                // table grow rather than overflow), at most the available width,
                // preferring the author's specified width when there is one.
                let mut tables: Vec<(taffy::NodeId, NodeId, usize)> = id_map
                    .iter()
                    .filter(|(_, dom)| {
                        tree.get_node(**dom)
                            .and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.as_ref() == "table"))
                            .unwrap_or(false)
                    })
                    .map(|(t, d)| (*t, *d, dom_depth(tree, *d)))
                    .collect();
                // Deepest table first: an inner table gets its final width set
                // before an outer table measures the subtree that contains it.
                // Two tables at the same depth cannot be nested in one another
                // (nesting increases depth), so their relative order is
                // irrelevant and the final layout is deterministic even though
                // id_map iteration order is not.
                tables.sort_by(|a, b| b.2.cmp(&a.2));
                for (tnode, dom, _depth) in tables {
                    let Some(table_style) = styles.get(&dom) else {
                        continue;
                    };
                    // A percentage-width table resolves against its container, so
                    // leave taffy's percentage handling in place.
                    let width_style = Some(table_style.width);
                    if matches!(width_style, Some(crate::Dimension::Percent(_))) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let min_c = {
                        let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                            tnode,
                            taffy::Size { width: taffy::AvailableSpace::MinContent, height: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent },
                            &mut measure,
                        );
                        taffy_tree.layout(tnode).map(|l| l.size.width).unwrap_or(0.0)
                    };
                    // A table can never be narrower than an unshrinkable
                    // fixed-width descendant. A Wikipedia infobox holds a
                    // ~267px image montage and a ~250px geologic-timeline
                    // widget, each with an explicit px width; taffy's grid
                    // min-content does not surface such a deep descendant's
                    // definite width up through the intervening flex/absolute
                    // boxes, leaving the table too narrow so those widgets
                    // overflow it. Floor min-content by the widest fixed child,
                    // matching CSS (a table's min-content is at least any
                    // fixed-width content it contains).
                    let min_c = min_c.max(max_definite_descendant_width(tree, dom, &styles).unwrap_or(0.0));
                    let max_c = {
                        let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                            tnode,
                            taffy::Size { width: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent, height: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent },
                            &mut measure,
                        );
                        taffy_tree.layout(tnode).map(|l| l.size.width).unwrap_or(0.0)
                    };
                    let inline_outer_edges = table_inline_outer_edges(table_style);
                    let preferred_outer = match width_style {
                        Some(crate::Dimension::Px(w))
                            if table_style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox =>
                        {
                            w + inline_outer_edges
                        }
                        Some(crate::Dimension::Px(w)) => w,
                        _ => max_c,
                    };
                    let used_outer = preferred_outer.max(min_c).min(initial_cb_width.max(min_c));
                    let used_declaration = if table_style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox
                    {
                        (used_outer - inline_outer_edges).max(0.0)
                    } else {
                        used_outer
                    };
                    // Distribute the used track space proportionally between
                    // each column's own min-content and max-content width, the
                    // way CSS tables do, instead of letting the grid hand every
                    // auto track an equal share of the surplus (which over-widens
                    // narrow label columns and starves wide prose columns).
                    let cells: Vec<(taffy::NodeId, usize, usize)> = taffy_tree
                        .children(tnode)
                        .unwrap_or_default()
                        .into_iter()
                        .filter_map(|cell| {
                            let gc = taffy_tree.style(cell).ok()?.grid_column.clone();
                            let col = match gc.start {
                                GridPlacement::Line(l) => (l.as_i16().max(1) as usize) - 1,
                                _ => return None,
                            };
                            let span = match gc.end {
                                GridPlacement::Span(s) => (s as usize).max(1),
                                _ => 1,
                            };
                            Some((cell, col, span))
                        })
                        .collect();
                    let ncols = taffy_tree
                        .style(tnode)
                        .map(|s| s.grid_template_columns.len())
                        .unwrap_or(0);
                    // Bound the extra per-cell measurement work; a pathologically
                    // large table keeps the grid's equal-share sizing (still renders).
                    if ncols > 0 && cells.len() <= 4096 {
                        // Measure every cell's own min-content and max-content width
                        // in isolation (the cell node is a valid subtree root; its
                        // grid placement only matters to its parent, so it lays out
                        // as a plain box here).
                        let mut measured: Vec<(usize, usize, f32, f32)> =
                            Vec::with_capacity(cells.len());
                        for (cell, col, span) in &cells {
                            let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                                *cell,
                                taffy::Size { width: taffy::AvailableSpace::MinContent, height: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent },
                                &mut measure,
                            );
                            let cmin = taffy_tree.layout(*cell).map(|l| l.size.width).unwrap_or(0.0);
                            let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                                *cell,
                                taffy::Size { width: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent, height: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent },
                                &mut measure,
                            );
                            let cmax = taffy_tree.layout(*cell).map(|l| l.size.width).unwrap_or(0.0);
                            measured.push((*col, *span, cmin, cmax.max(cmin)));
                        }
                        let mut col_min = vec![0.0f32; ncols];
                        let mut col_max = vec![0.0f32; ncols];
                        // Pass 1: single-column cells set each column's floor.
                        for &(col, span, cmin, cmax) in &measured {
                            if span == 1 && col < ncols {
                                col_min[col] = col_min[col].max(cmin);
                                col_max[col] = col_max[col].max(cmax);
                            }
                        }
                        // Pass 2: a spanning cell that needs more than its columns
                        // currently give grows them, splitting the shortfall evenly
                        // across the spanned columns (keeps colspan lining up).
                        for &(col, span, cmin, cmax) in &measured {
                            if span <= 1 || col >= ncols {
                                continue;
                            }
                            let end = (col + span).min(ncols);
                            let n = (end - col) as f32;
                            let cur_min: f32 = col_min[col..end].iter().sum();
                            if cmin > cur_min {
                                let add = (cmin - cur_min) / n;
                                for w in &mut col_min[col..end] {
                                    *w += add;
                                }
                            }
                            let cur_max: f32 = col_max[col..end].iter().sum();
                            if cmax > cur_max {
                                let add = (cmax - cur_max) / n;
                                for w in &mut col_max[col..end] {
                                    *w += add;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        for j in 0..ncols {
                            if col_max[j] < col_min[j] {
                                col_max[j] = col_min[j];
                            }
                        }
                        // Track space is the final table border box minus its
                        // actual border/padding, the two outer spacing bands,
                        // and the spacing between columns. Inferring this from
                        // min-content is wrong when a specified cell/column
                        // width already inflated that measurement: the fixed
                        // width gets counted as "overhead", starving later
                        // auto columns and forcing avoidable text wrapping.
                        let (horizontal_spacing, _) = table_spacing(table_style);
                        let interior_spacing =
                            horizontal_spacing * ncols.saturating_sub(1) as f32;
                        let target =
                            (used_outer - inline_outer_edges - interior_spacing)
                                .max(0.0);
                        // Specified column widths (a `<col>` or colspan-1 cell
                        // width, recorded at build time) pin their columns:
                        // px directly, percent against the table's content
                        // width. Content min-content still floors them, so a
                        // too-narrow spec never crushes its content. The
                        // remaining space interpolates across the auto
                        // columns exactly as before.
                        let specified_columns = ifc_items.table_cols.get(&tnode);
                        if let Some((spec_px, spec_pct)) = specified_columns {
                            for j in 0..ncols {
                                let spec = spec_px
                                    .get(j)
                                    .copied()
                                    .flatten()
                                    .or_else(|| spec_pct.get(j).copied().flatten().map(|p| p * target));
                                if let Some(w) = spec {
                                    let w = w.max(col_min[j]);
                                    col_min[j] = w;
                                    col_max[j] = w;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        let sum_min: f32 = col_min.iter().sum();
                        let sum_max: f32 = col_max.iter().sum();
                        let widths: Vec<f32> = if target <= sum_min {
                            col_min.clone()
                        } else if target >= sum_max {
                            // Surplus follows the table-layout priority: auto
                            // columns absorb it before fixed and percentage
                            // columns. This is important even when every
                            // column has min==max (a one-word auto cell still
                            // fills the remainder of a definite-width table).
                            let mut result = col_max.clone();
                            let extra = target - sum_max;
                            let is_px = |j: usize| {
                                specified_columns
                                    .and_then(|(px, _)| px.get(j))
                                    .copied()
                                    .flatten()
                                    .is_some()
                            };
                            let is_pct = |j: usize| {
                                specified_columns
                                    .and_then(|(_, pct)| pct.get(j))
                                    .copied()
                                    .flatten()
                                    .is_some()
                            };
                            let mut candidates: Vec<usize> = (0..ncols)
                                .filter(|&j| !is_px(j) && !is_pct(j) && col_max[j] > 0.0)
                                .collect();
                            if candidates.is_empty() {
                                candidates = (0..ncols)
                                    .filter(|&j| !is_px(j) && !is_pct(j))
                                    .collect();
                            }
                            if candidates.is_empty() {
                                candidates = (0..ncols).filter(|&j| is_px(j)).collect();
                            }
                            if candidates.is_empty() {
                                candidates = (0..ncols).filter(|&j| is_pct(j)).collect();
                            }
                            if candidates.is_empty() {
                                candidates = (0..ncols).collect();
                            }
                            let weight_sum: f32 =
                                candidates.iter().map(|&j| col_max[j]).sum();
                            for &j in &candidates {
                                let share = if weight_sum > 0.0 {
                                    extra * col_max[j] / weight_sum
                                } else {
                                    extra / candidates.len() as f32
                                };
                                result[j] += share;
                            }
                            result
                        } else {
                            let scale = (target - sum_min) / (sum_max - sum_min);
                            col_min
                                .iter()
                                .zip(&col_max)
                                .map(|(mn, mx)| mn + (mx - mn) * scale)
                                .collect()
                        };
                        if let Ok(cur) = taffy_tree.style(tnode) {
                            let mut s = cur.clone();
                            s.size.width = length(used_declaration);
                            s.grid_template_columns = widths
                                .iter()
                                .map(|w| {
                                    taffy::GridTemplateComponent::Single(taffy::MinMax {
                                        min: taffy::MinTrackSizingFunction::length(*w),
                                        max: taffy::MaxTrackSizingFunction::length(*w),
                                    })
                                })
                                .collect();
                            let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(tnode, s);
                        }
                    } else if let Ok(cur) = taffy_tree.style(tnode) {
                        let mut s = cur.clone();
                        s.size.width = length(used_declaration);
                        let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(tnode, s);
                    }
                }

                let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(taffy_root, available, &mut measure);
                if repair_intrinsic_column_flex_negative_margins(
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
                if resolve_deferred_flex_inline_sizes(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &mut styles,
                    &deferred_cyclic_inline_sizes,
                    root_fs,
                    vw,
                    vh,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
                if apply_multicol_balance(&mut taffy_tree, &ifc_items.multicol) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
                if apply_float_continuations(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                    &ifc_items,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
                if apply_table_row_geometry(
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                    &ifc_items,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
                if apply_full_span_column_subgrids(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                    |tree, node| {
                        tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                            node,
                            taffy::Size {
                                width: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent,
                                height: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent,
                            },
                            &mut measure,
                        )
                        .ok()?;
                        tree.layout(node).ok().map(|layout| layout.size.width)
                    },
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
                if apply_table_cell_block_alignment(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
                // A fully-auto positioned axis uses the box's static position
                // in its original formatting context. Harvest that coordinate
                // only after every intrinsic/table/fragmentation repair has
                // produced final in-flow geometry; otherwise reparenting pins
                // the box to a stale preliminary document offset and can
                // manufacture scrolling overflow. The resolver snapshots all
                // candidates before changing any parent, preserving nested
                // static-position candidates.
                if !static_position_candidates.is_empty() {
                    resolve_static_positions_and_reparent(
                        &mut taffy_tree,
                        &static_position_candidates,
                    );
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout_with_measure(
                        taffy_root,
                        available,
                        &mut measure,
                    );
                }
            }
            #[cfg(not(feature = "paint"))]
            {
                let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                if repair_intrinsic_column_flex_negative_margins(
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
                if resolve_deferred_flex_inline_sizes(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &mut styles,
                    &deferred_cyclic_inline_sizes,
                    root_fs,
                    vw,
                    vh,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
                if apply_multicol_balance(&mut taffy_tree, &ifc_items.multicol) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
                if apply_float_continuations(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                    &ifc_items,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
                if apply_table_row_geometry(
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                    &ifc_items,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
                if apply_full_span_column_subgrids(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                    |tree, node| {
                        tree.compute_layout(
                            node,
                            taffy::Size {
                                width: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent,
                                height: taffy::AvailableSpace::MaxContent,
                            },
                        )
                        .ok()?;
                        tree.layout(node).ok().map(|layout| layout.size.width)
                    },
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
                if apply_table_cell_block_alignment(
                    tree,
                    &mut taffy_tree,
                    &id_map,
                    &styles,
                ) {
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
                // Keep the no-paint geometry path in the same final-position
                // contract as screenshots: static coordinates are resolved
                // after every pass that can move in-flow placeholders.
                if !static_position_candidates.is_empty() {
                    resolve_static_positions_and_reparent(
                        &mut taffy_tree,
                        &static_position_candidates,
                    );
                    let _ = taffy_tree.compute_layout(taffy_root, available);
                }
            }
            sync_resolved_percentage_padding(
                &taffy_tree,
                taffy_root,
                initial_cb_width,
                &id_map,
                &ifc_items.generated,
                &mut styles,
            );
            let generated_nodes: HashMap<taffy::NodeId, usize> = ifc_items
                .generated
                .iter()
                .enumerate()
                .map(|(index, generated)| (generated.node, index))
                .collect();
            generated_rects.resize(ifc_items.generated.len(), None);
            compute_absolute_rects(
                &taffy_tree,
                taffy_root,
                initial_cb_x,
                0.0,
                &id_map,
                &words,
                &mut rects,
                &mut text_runs,
                &mut anon_rects,
                &generated_nodes,
                &mut generated_rects,
            );
            synthesize_row_rects(tree, &mut rects);
        }
    }
    sync_positioned_pseudo_percentage_padding(&rects, &mut styles);

    let mut clip_rects = HashMap::new();
    let mut translates = HashMap::new();
    if let Some(root_id) = root {
        resolve_clip_rects(tree, root_id, None, 0.0, 0.0, &rects, &styles, &mut clip_rects, &mut translates);
    }

    // Pin each shaped inline context to its final content-box origin/width now
    // that layout is done, so paint draws the same line breaks it was sized for.
    #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
    for (nid, &idx) in &ifc_items.whole {
        if let (Some(rect), Some(style)) = (rects.get(nid), styles.get(nid)) {
            let mut origin = crate::inline::content_origin(rect, style);
            let cw = crate::inline::content_width(rect, style);
            // A table cell stretched taller than its text (row height from a
            // neighbor) aligns its content per vertical-align; the pure-text
            // leaf path has no inner box to align, so shift the pinned origin
            // by the leftover space instead.
            if let Some(va @ (crate::VerticalAlign::Middle | crate::VerticalAlign::Bottom)) = style.vertical_align {
                let (_, th) = engine.measure(idx, Some(cw));
                let content_h = rect.height
                    - style.padding.top
                    - style.padding.bottom
                    - style.border.top
                    - style.border.bottom;
                let free = (content_h - th).max(0.0);
                origin.1 += if va == crate::VerticalAlign::Middle { free / 2.0 } else { free };
            }
            // The shaped text is this container's own content, so an
            // `overflow: hidden` on the container clips it (this is what keeps
            // the 1x1 "visually hidden" skip-link box from painting its text,
            // now that the text is one leaf rather than clipped word boxes).
            // Clips live in screen space; the container's own box joins the
            // chain shifted by its accumulated translate.
            let inherited = clip_rects.get(nid).copied().flatten();
            let clip = if style.overflow_hidden {
                let (tx, ty) = translates.get(nid).copied().unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
                let own = overflow_clip_rect(rect, style, tx, ty);
                Some(match inherited {
                    Some(c) => c.intersect(&own).unwrap_or(crate::Rect::default()),
                    None => own,
                })
            } else {
                inherited
            };
            engine.finalize(idx, origin, cw, clip);
        }
    }
    // Anonymous run leaves have no DOM node and no border/padding of their
    // own: the leaf rect IS the content box. Clipping comes from the parent
    // block (its inherited chain, plus its own overflow like any child).
    #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
    for (parent, items) in &ifc_items.runs {
        let inherited = clip_rects.get(parent).copied().flatten();
        let clip = match (styles.get(parent), rects.get(parent)) {
            (Some(style), Some(prect)) if style.overflow_hidden => {
                let (tx, ty) = translates.get(parent).copied().unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0));
                let own = overflow_clip_rect(prect, style, tx, ty);
                Some(match inherited {
                    Some(c) => c.intersect(&own).unwrap_or(crate::Rect::default()),
                    None => own,
                })
            }
            _ => inherited,
        };
        for &idx in items {
            if let Some(rect) = anon_rects.get(&idx) {
                engine.finalize(idx, (rect.x, rect.y), rect.width, clip);
            }
        }
    }

    let generated_boxes = ifc_items
        .generated
        .iter()
        .zip(generated_rects)
        .filter_map(|(generated, rect)| {
            rect.map(|rect| GeneratedBox {
                host: generated.host,
                kind: generated.kind,
                rect,
            })
        })
        .collect();

    (
        DomLayout {
            rects,
            styles,
            clip_rects,
            translates,
            text_runs,
            #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
            text_engine: engine,
            #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
            ifc_items: ifc_items.whole,
            #[cfg(feature = "paint")]
            run_ifc_items: ifc_items.runs,
            generated_boxes,
        },
        signature,
        query_stats,
        cascade_time,
    )
}

fn container_snapshot(
    tree: &DomTree,
    layout: &DomLayout,
) -> crate::css::ContainerSnapshot {
    let root_font_size = tree
        .descendants(tree.document())
        .into_iter()
        .find(|id| tree.get_node(*id).is_some_and(|node| node.is_element()))
        .and_then(|id| layout.styles.get(&id))
        .and_then(|style| style.font_size)
        .filter(|size| size.is_finite() && *size > 0.0)
        .unwrap_or(16.0);
    let mut snapshot = crate::css::ContainerSnapshot {
        root_font_size,
        ..Default::default()
    };
    for (&id, style) in &layout.styles {
        let available_type = if style.display_contents {
            crate::ContainerType::Normal
        } else {
            effective_container_type(style)
        };
        if (style.container_type == crate::ContainerType::Normal
            && style.container_names.is_empty())
            || style.display == crate::Display::None
        {
            continue;
        }
        let rect = layout.rects.get(&id);
        // An inline box that computes to `container-type` is still the
        // nearest matching query container even when size containment cannot
        // apply to it. Inline layout may flatten that box and omit a DOM rect,
        // but dropping it from the snapshot would incorrectly let the query
        // fall through to a farther ancestor. Its queried axes are
        // unavailable, so the placeholder geometry is intentionally unused.
        if rect.is_none() && available_type != crate::ContainerType::Normal {
            continue;
        }
        let horizontal_edges =
            style.border.left + style.border.right + style.padding.left + style.padding.right;
        let vertical_edges =
            style.border.top + style.border.bottom + style.padding.top + style.padding.bottom;
        snapshot.boxes.insert(
            id,
            crate::css::ContainerBox {
                container_type: style.container_type,
                available_type,
                names: style.container_names.clone(),
                content_width: rect
                    .map(|rect| (rect.width - horizontal_edges).max(0.0))
                    .unwrap_or(0.0),
                content_height: rect
                    .map(|rect| (rect.height - vertical_edges).max(0.0))
                    .unwrap_or(0.0),
                font_size: style
                    .font_size
                    .filter(|size| size.is_finite() && *size > 0.0)
                    .unwrap_or(16.0),
            },
        );
    }
    snapshot
}

/// HTML table auto-layout approximation: for each `<tr>`, the last `<td>`/
/// `<th>` child with no explicit width absorbs the row's leftover space. Real
/// browsers run a genuine column-width-negotiation algorithm across every row
/// in a table; giving `flex_grow` to *every* auto-width cell approximates that
/// badly; multiple growing siblings compete and the split becomes sensitive to
/// each cell's own content size, which looks like near-random drift row to
/// row. Growing only the trailing auto cell matches the extremely common
/// layout intent (fixed-size leading cells, one expanding trailing cell) and
/// leaves the others shrink-to-fit, matching a shrink-to-fit table exactly
/// when there is no surplus width to distribute in the first place.
fn grow_trailing_auto_cells(tree: &DomTree, styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>) {
    let is_tag = |id: NodeId, tags: &[&str]| -> bool {
        match tree.get_node(id).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.to_string())) {
            Some(local) => tags.contains(&local.as_str()),
            None => false,
        }
    };
    for tr in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
        if !is_tag(tr, &["tr"]) {
            continue;
        }
        let last_auto_cell = tree.children(tr).into_iter().rev().find(|&cid| {
            is_tag(cid, &["td", "th"])
                && styles.get(&cid).map(|s| s.width == crate::Dimension::Auto && s.flex_grow.is_none()).unwrap_or(false)
        });
        if let Some(cid) = last_auto_cell {
            if let Some(style) = styles.get_mut(&cid) {
                style.flex_grow = Some(1.0);
            }
        }
    }
}

/// `border-spacing` (from CSS or the `cellspacing` attribute) is set on a
/// `<table>`, but taffy has no native table display mode: our table is a
/// column-flex stack of row-flex `<tr>`s, so the gap that separates cells has
/// to live on each row individually. Distribute the table's border-spacing
/// down as the table's own row gap (space between stacked `<tr>`s) and every
/// descendant `<tr>`'s column gap (space between cells within a row), without
/// crossing into a nested `<table>`'s own scope.
fn propagate_border_spacing(tree: &DomTree, styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>) {
    fn local_name(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId) -> Option<String> {
        tree.get_node(id).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.to_string()))
    }

    fn apply_to_rows(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId, h: f32, v: f32, styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>) {
        for cid in tree.children(id) {
            if local_name(tree, cid).as_deref() == Some("table") {
                continue;
            }
            if local_name(tree, cid).as_deref() == Some("tr") {
                if let Some(s) = styles.get_mut(&cid) {
                    s.column_gap = Some(h);
                    s.row_gap = Some(v);
                    s.column_gap_expression = None;
                    s.row_gap_expression = None;
                }
            }
            apply_to_rows(tree, cid, h, v, styles);
        }
    }

    for id in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
        if local_name(tree, id).as_deref() != Some("table") {
            continue;
        }
        let Some(table_style) = styles.get(&id) else {
            continue;
        };
        let (h, v) = table_spacing(table_style);
        if let Some(s) = styles.get_mut(&id) {
            s.row_gap = Some(v);
            s.row_gap_expression = None;
        }
        apply_to_rows(tree, id, h, v, styles);
    }
}

/// Walk the tree; for each `display: grid` element that declares
/// `grid-template-areas`, resolve each direct child's `grid-area` name to a
/// taffy line placement. This is how Vector 2022 (and most grid layouts) place
/// their header/sidebar/content/footer regions.
fn resolve_grid_areas(
    tree: &DomTree,
    root: NodeId,
    styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) {
    let mut stack = vec![root];
    while let Some(id) = stack.pop() {
        for cid in tree.children(id) {
            stack.push(cid);
        }
        let (areas, col_lines, row_lines) = match styles.get(&id) {
            Some(s) if s.display == crate::Display::Grid => (
                s.grid_areas.clone().filter(|a| !a.is_empty()),
                s.grid_col_line_names.clone(),
                s.grid_row_line_names.clone(),
            ),
            _ => continue,
        };
        if areas.is_none() && col_lines.is_none() && row_lines.is_none() {
            continue;
        }

        if let Some(areas) = &areas {
            // name -> (row_start, row_end, col_start, col_end) in 0-based track indices.
            let mut spans: HashMap<String, (usize, usize, usize, usize)> = HashMap::new();
            for (r, row) in areas.iter().enumerate() {
                for (c, name) in row.iter().enumerate() {
                    if name == "." {
                        continue;
                    }
                    spans
                        .entry(name.clone())
                        .and_modify(|s| {
                            s.0 = s.0.min(r);
                            s.1 = s.1.max(r);
                            s.2 = s.2.min(c);
                            s.3 = s.3.max(c);
                        })
                        .or_insert((r, r, c, c));
                }
            }

            for cid in tree.children(id) {
                let Some(cstyle) = styles.get_mut(&cid) else { continue };
                let Some(name) = cstyle.grid_area_name.clone() else { continue };
                if let Some(&(r0, r1, c0, c1)) = spans.get(&name) {
                    use taffy::style_helpers::line;
                    cstyle.grid_row = Some(taffy::Line {
                        start: line((r0 + 1) as i16),
                        end: line((r1 + 2) as i16),
                    });
                    cstyle.grid_column = Some(taffy::Line {
                        start: line((c0 + 1) as i16),
                        end: line((c1 + 2) as i16),
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        // Named grid lines: resolve children placed with `grid-column`/`grid-row`
        // values that reference a line name against this container's maps.
        if col_lines.is_some() || row_lines.is_some() {
            for cid in tree.children(id) {
                let Some(cstyle) = styles.get_mut(&cid) else { continue };
                if let (Some(raw), Some(map)) = (cstyle.grid_column_raw.clone(), &col_lines) {
                    if let Some(l) = resolve_named_placement(&raw, map) {
                        cstyle.grid_column = Some(l);
                    }
                }
                if let (Some(raw), Some(map)) = (cstyle.grid_row_raw.clone(), &row_lines) {
                    if let Some(l) = resolve_named_placement(&raw, map) {
                        cstyle.grid_row = Some(l);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct ColumnSubgridWrapper {
    node: taffy::NodeId,
    gap: f32,
    start_mbp: f32,
    end_mbp: f32,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct ColumnSubgridLeaf {
    node: taffy::NodeId,
    dom: NodeId,
    column: usize,
    gap: f32,
    start_mbp: f32,
    end_mbp: f32,
}

struct ColumnSubgridPlan {
    parent: taffy::NodeId,
    track_count: usize,
    parent_gap: f32,
    wrappers: Vec<ColumnSubgridWrapper>,
    leaves: Vec<ColumnSubgridLeaf>,
}

fn is_full_span_column_subgrid(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> bool {
    if style.display != crate::Display::Grid
        || !style.grid_template_columns_subgrid
        || style.overflow_hidden
        || style.position == Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)
        || style.width != crate::Dimension::Auto
        || style.justify_self.is_some_and(|value| value != taffy::AlignSelf::STRETCH)
        || style.margin_auto[1]
        || style.margin_auto[3]
    {
        return false;
    }
    let Some(line) = &style.grid_column else {
        return false;
    };
    matches!(
        (&line.start, &line.end),
        (taffy::GridPlacement::Line(start), taffy::GridPlacement::Line(end))
            if start.as_i16() == 1 && end.as_i16() == -1
    )
}

/// Collect the deliberately bounded Grid Level 2 subset used by broad
/// "aligned rows" components: a full-span column subgrid, optionally nested
/// through more full-span column subgrids, whose final children auto-place one
/// per inherited column. Partial spans, explicit leaf placement, independent
/// formatting contexts, and authored inline sizing are left on the existing
/// fallback rather than being represented inaccurately.
fn collect_column_subgrid_descendants(
    tree: &DomTree,
    dom: NodeId,
    track_count: usize,
    taffy_by_dom: &HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    start_mbp: f32,
    end_mbp: f32,
    depth: usize,
    wrappers: &mut Vec<ColumnSubgridWrapper>,
    leaves: &mut Vec<ColumnSubgridLeaf>,
) -> bool {
    if depth > 8 {
        return false;
    }
    let Some(style) = styles.get(&dom) else {
        return false;
    };
    let Some(&node) = taffy_by_dom.get(&dom) else {
        return false;
    };
    let start_mbp = start_mbp + style.margin.left + style.border.left + style.padding.left;
    let end_mbp = end_mbp + style.margin.right + style.border.right + style.padding.right;
    let gap = style.column_gap.unwrap_or(0.0);
    wrappers.push(ColumnSubgridWrapper { node, gap, start_mbp, end_mbp });

    let children: Vec<NodeId> = tree
        .children(dom)
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|child| {
            styles
                .get(child)
                .map(|style| style.display != crate::Display::None)
                .unwrap_or(false)
        })
        .collect();
    if children.is_empty() {
        return false;
    }
    let nested = children
        .iter()
        .filter(|child| styles.get(child).is_some_and(is_full_span_column_subgrid))
        .count();
    if nested > 0 {
        if nested != children.len() {
            return false;
        }
        return children.into_iter().all(|child| {
            collect_column_subgrid_descendants(
                tree,
                child,
                track_count,
                taffy_by_dom,
                styles,
                start_mbp,
                end_mbp,
                depth + 1,
                wrappers,
                leaves,
            )
        });
    }

    let flow = style.grid_auto_flow.unwrap_or(taffy::GridAutoFlow::Row);
    if !matches!(flow, taffy::GridAutoFlow::Row | taffy::GridAutoFlow::RowDense) {
        return false;
    }
    for (index, child) in children.into_iter().enumerate() {
        let Some(child_style) = styles.get(&child) else {
            return false;
        };
        // This first subset intentionally excludes spanning and explicitly
        // placed items. It is the common data-row/card-row pattern and keeps
        // each descendant contribution attributable to one ancestor track.
        if child_style.grid_column.is_some()
            || child_style.position == Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)
            || child_style.margin_auto[1]
            || child_style.margin_auto[3]
        {
            return false;
        }
        let Some(&node) = taffy_by_dom.get(&child) else {
            return false;
        };
        leaves.push(ColumnSubgridLeaf {
            node,
            dom: child,
            column: index % track_count,
            gap,
            start_mbp,
            end_mbp,
        });
    }
    true
}

fn fixed_grid_tracks(widths: &[f32]) -> Vec<taffy::GridTemplateComponent<String>> {
    widths
        .iter()
        .map(|width| {
            taffy::GridTemplateComponent::Single(taffy::MinMax {
                min: taffy::MinTrackSizingFunction::length((*width).max(0.0)),
                max: taffy::MaxTrackSizingFunction::length((*width).max(0.0)),
            })
        })
        .collect()
}

/// Resolve a safe full-span column-subgrid subset in two passes.
///
/// Gecko first collects subgrid descendants into the nearest non-subgridded
/// ancestor's track sizing, then copies that ancestor's *used* track sizes
/// down the chain. Its descendant contributions add accumulated edge
/// margin/border/padding and center a custom subgrid gap over the ancestor
/// gap. Taffy has no subgrid primitive, so we reproduce those same operations
/// only for definite, all-auto, single-span rows. Once every max-content
/// growth limit fits, `justify-content:normal` stretches all auto tracks by an
/// equal share; narrower/cyclic cases decline this fast path.
///
/// The current style model does not expose orthogonal writing modes and emits
/// Taffy's default LTR direction for every grid; this physical-column reduction
/// therefore cannot accidentally enter an RTL/orthogonal layout path that the
/// surrounding renderer does not implement yet. Percentage-width parents are
/// accepted only after the preliminary layout produced finite, explicit used
/// track sizes; that resolved track sum is the definite basis for pass two.
fn apply_full_span_column_subgrids<F>(
    tree: &DomTree,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    mut measure_max_content: F,
) -> bool
where
    F: FnMut(&mut TaffyTree<usize>, taffy::NodeId) -> Option<f32>,
{
    let taffy_by_dom: HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId> =
        id_map.iter().map(|(taffy, dom)| (*dom, *taffy)).collect();
    let mut plans = Vec::new();

    for (&dom, style) in styles {
        if style.display != crate::Display::Grid
            || style.grid_template_columns_subgrid
            || !matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Px(_) | crate::Dimension::Percent(_))
            || style.justify_content.is_some_and(|value| value != taffy::JustifyContent::STRETCH)
        {
            continue;
        }
        let all_auto = !style.grid_template_columns.is_empty()
            && style.grid_template_columns.iter().all(|track| {
                matches!(
                    track,
                    taffy::GridTemplateComponent::Single(size)
                        if size.min.is_auto() && size.max.is_auto()
                )
            });
        if !all_auto || style.grid_template_columns.len() > 32 {
            continue;
        }
        let track_count = style.grid_template_columns.len();
        let direct: Vec<NodeId> = tree
            .children(dom)
            .into_iter()
            .filter(|child| styles.get(child).is_some_and(|style| style.display != crate::Display::None))
            .collect();
        if direct.is_empty()
            || !direct
                .iter()
                .all(|child| styles.get(child).is_some_and(is_full_span_column_subgrid))
        {
            continue;
        }
        let Some(&parent) = taffy_by_dom.get(&dom) else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut wrappers = Vec::new();
        let mut leaves = Vec::new();
        if !direct.into_iter().all(|child| {
            collect_column_subgrid_descendants(
                tree,
                child,
                track_count,
                &taffy_by_dom,
                styles,
                0.0,
                0.0,
                0,
                &mut wrappers,
                &mut leaves,
            )
        }) || leaves.is_empty()
        {
            continue;
        }
        plans.push(ColumnSubgridPlan {
            parent,
            track_count,
            parent_gap: style.column_gap.unwrap_or(0.0),
            wrappers,
            leaves,
        });
    }

    let mut changed = false;
    for plan in plans {
        let target_track_sum = match taffy_tree.detailed_layout_info(plan.parent) {
            taffy::tree::DetailedLayoutInfo::Grid(info)
                if info.columns.negative_implicit_tracks == 0
                    && info.columns.positive_implicit_tracks == 0
                    && info.columns.explicit_tracks as usize == plan.track_count =>
            {
                info.columns.sizes.iter().sum::<f32>()
            }
            _ => continue,
        };
        if !target_track_sum.is_finite() || target_track_sum <= 0.0 {
            continue;
        }
        let mut max_content = vec![0.0f32; plan.track_count];
        let mut valid = true;
        for leaf in &plan.leaves {
            let Some(mut contribution) = measure_max_content(taffy_tree, leaf.node) else {
                valid = false;
                break;
            };
            let Some(leaf_style) = styles.get(&leaf.dom) else {
                valid = false;
                break;
            };
            contribution += leaf_style.margin.left + leaf_style.margin.right;
            if plan.track_count > 1 {
                let gap_delta = leaf.gap - plan.parent_gap;
                contribution += if leaf.column == 0 || leaf.column + 1 == plan.track_count {
                    gap_delta / 2.0
                } else {
                    gap_delta
                };
            }
            if leaf.column == 0 {
                contribution += leaf.start_mbp;
            }
            if leaf.column + 1 == plan.track_count {
                contribution += leaf.end_mbp;
            }
            max_content[leaf.column] = max_content[leaf.column].max(contribution.max(0.0));
        }
        let max_sum: f32 = max_content.iter().sum();
        if !valid || max_sum > target_track_sum + 0.01 {
            continue;
        }
        let stretch = (target_track_sum - max_sum) / plan.track_count as f32;
        let used: Vec<f32> = max_content.iter().map(|width| width + stretch).collect();
        if used.iter().any(|width| !width.is_finite() || *width < 0.0) {
            continue;
        }

        // Validate the entire copied chain before mutating anything. A large
        // edge MBP or gap delta can exhaust an outer track; declining the plan
        // atomically is safer than leaving only the ancestor frozen.
        let mut copied_wrappers = Vec::with_capacity(plan.wrappers.len());
        for wrapper in &plan.wrappers {
            let mut copied = used.clone();
            if plan.track_count > 1 {
                let root_half = plan.parent_gap / 2.0;
                let child_half = wrapper.gap / 2.0;
                for (index, width) in copied.iter_mut().enumerate() {
                    *width += if index == 0 || index + 1 == plan.track_count {
                        root_half - child_half
                    } else {
                        plan.parent_gap - wrapper.gap
                    };
                }
            }
            copied[0] -= wrapper.start_mbp;
            copied[plan.track_count - 1] -= wrapper.end_mbp;
            if copied.iter().any(|width| !width.is_finite() || *width < 0.0)
                || taffy_tree.style(wrapper.node).is_err()
            {
                valid = false;
                break;
            }
            copied_wrappers.push((wrapper.node, copied));
        }
        if !valid || taffy_tree.style(plan.parent).is_err() {
            continue;
        }

        let mut parent_style = taffy_tree.style(plan.parent).unwrap().clone();
        parent_style.grid_template_columns = fixed_grid_tracks(&used);
        let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(plan.parent, parent_style);
        for (node, copied) in copied_wrappers {
            let mut style = taffy_tree.style(node).unwrap().clone();
            style.grid_template_columns = fixed_grid_tracks(&copied);
            let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(node, style);
        }
        changed = true;
    }
    changed
}

/// Resolve a raw `grid-column`/`grid-row` value that names grid lines into a
/// numeric `taffy::Line`, using `map` (line-name -> 1-based line number). Handles
/// `a / b` (each side a name, integer, or `span n`) and the single-ident
/// `grid-column: foo` area shorthand (`foo-start / foo-end`). Returns `None` when
/// a referenced name is absent, leaving the item to auto-place.
fn resolve_named_placement(
    raw: &str,
    map: &HashMap<String, i16>,
) -> Option<taffy::Line<taffy::GridPlacement>> {
    use taffy::style_helpers::{line, span};
    let side = |tok: &str, is_start: bool| -> Option<taffy::GridPlacement> {
        let t = tok.trim();
        if t.is_empty() || t.eq_ignore_ascii_case("auto") {
            return Some(taffy::GridPlacement::Auto);
        }
        if let Some(n) = t.strip_prefix("span") {
            if let Ok(s) = n.trim().parse::<u16>() {
                return Some(span(s));
            }
        }
        if let Ok(i) = t.parse::<i16>() {
            return Some(line(i));
        }
        map.get(t)
            .or_else(|| map.get(&format!("{t}-{}", if is_start { "start" } else { "end" })))
            .map(|&l| line(l))
    };
    if let Some((a, b)) = raw.split_once('/') {
        Some(taffy::Line {
            start: side(a, true)?,
            end: side(b, false)?,
        })
    } else {
        let name = raw.trim();
        if let Some(&s) = map.get(&format!("{name}-start")) {
            let end = map
                .get(&format!("{name}-end"))
                .map(|&e| line(e))
                .unwrap_or(taffy::GridPlacement::Auto);
            return Some(taffy::Line { start: line(s), end });
        }
        map.get(name).map(|&s| taffy::Line { start: line(s), end: taffy::GridPlacement::Auto })
    }
}

fn compute_absolute_rects(
    taffy_tree: &TaffyTree<usize>,
    taffy_id: taffy::NodeId,
    abs_x: f32,
    abs_y: f32,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    rects: &mut HashMap<NodeId, Rect>,
    text_runs: &mut HashMap<NodeId, Vec<(Rect, String)>>,
    anon_rects: &mut HashMap<usize, Rect>,
    generated_nodes: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, usize>,
    generated_rects: &mut [Option<Rect>],
) {
    if let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(taffy_id) {
        let x = abs_x + layout.location.x;
        let y = abs_y + layout.location.y;
        let rect = Rect { x, y, width: layout.size.width, height: layout.size.height };

        if let Some(dom_id) = id_map.get(&taffy_id) {
            rects.insert(*dom_id, rect);
        } else if let Some(&item) = taffy_tree.get_node_context(taffy_id) {
            // A taffy leaf with an engine-item context but no DOM id is an
            // anonymous inline-run leaf (see `build_mixed_block`); record its
            // final rect by item index so the finalize pass can pin it.
            anon_rects.insert(item, rect);
        }
        if let Some(index) = generated_nodes.get(&taffy_id) {
            generated_rects[*index] = Some(rect);
        }
        // A word leaf's dom_id is its owning text node, shared by every other
        // word from the same node, so this appends rather than overwrites.
        if let Some((text_dom_id, word)) = words.get(&taffy_id) {
            text_runs.entry(*text_dom_id).or_default().push((rect, word.clone()));
        }

        if let Ok(children) = taffy_tree.children(taffy_id) {
            for child_id in children {
                compute_absolute_rects(
                    taffy_tree,
                    child_id,
                    x,
                    y,
                    id_map,
                    words,
                    rects,
                    text_runs,
                    anon_rects,
                    generated_nodes,
                    generated_rects,
                );
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct StaticPositionCandidate {
    child: taffy::NodeId,
    target: taffy::NodeId,
    inline_axis: bool,
    block_axis: bool,
}

/// Attach positioned boxes to their CSS containing block rather than their
/// immediate DOM parent.
///
/// Taffy resolves an absolute child's insets against its direct layout-tree
/// parent. CSS instead uses the nearest positioned or transformed ancestor;
/// fixed boxes use the nearest transformed ancestor or the initial containing
/// block. A box with a fully-auto axis first remains in its original formatting
/// context so taffy can produce the placeholder-like static coordinate. The
/// caller harvests that coordinate and reparents it in a bounded second pass.
fn reparent_inset_positioned_nodes(
    tree: &DomTree,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    taffy_root: taffy::NodeId,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Vec<StaticPositionCandidate> {
    let reverse: HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId> =
        id_map.iter().map(|(&taffy_id, &dom_id)| (dom_id, taffy_id)).collect();
    let mut nearest_abs_cb_for_children: HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId> = HashMap::new();
    let mut nearest_fixed_cb_for_children: HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId> = HashMap::new();
    let mut static_candidates = Vec::new();

    for dom_id in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
        let Some(style) = styles.get(&dom_id) else { continue };
        let parent = tree.get_node(dom_id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
        let inherited_abs_cb = parent
            .and_then(|id| nearest_abs_cb_for_children.get(&id).copied())
            .unwrap_or(taffy_root);
        let inherited_fixed_cb = parent
            .and_then(|id| nearest_fixed_cb_for_children.get(&id).copied())
            .unwrap_or(taffy_root);

        // Record this before any candidate early-exit so all descendants get
        // O(1) nearest-containing-block lookups. Positioned and transformed
        // boxes capture absolute descendants; only transformed boxes capture
        // fixed descendants. The full walk stays O(n).
        let own_box = reverse.get(&dom_id).copied();
        let establishes_cb = style.establishes_positioning_containing_block();
        let abs_child_cb = if style.position.is_some() || establishes_cb {
            own_box.unwrap_or(inherited_abs_cb)
        } else {
            inherited_abs_cb
        };
        let fixed_child_cb = if establishes_cb {
            own_box.unwrap_or(inherited_fixed_cb)
        } else {
            inherited_fixed_cb
        };
        nearest_abs_cb_for_children.insert(dom_id, abs_child_cb);
        nearest_fixed_cb_for_children.insert(dom_id, fixed_child_cb);

        if !matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)) {
            continue;
        }
        let has_block_inset = style.inset[0].is_some() || style.inset[2].is_some();
        let has_inline_inset = style.inset[1].is_some() || style.inset[3].is_some();
        let Some(&child) = reverse.get(&dom_id) else { continue };
        let target = if style.position_fixed {
            inherited_fixed_cb
        } else {
            inherited_abs_cb
        };
        let Some(current) = taffy_tree.parent(child) else { continue };
        if current == target {
            continue;
        }
        if !has_block_inset || !has_inline_inset {
            static_candidates.push(StaticPositionCandidate {
                child,
                target,
                inline_axis: !has_inline_inset,
                block_axis: !has_block_inset,
            });
            continue;
        }
        if taffy_tree.remove_child(current, child).is_ok() {
            let _ = taffy_tree.add_child(target, child);
        }
    }
    static_candidates
}

fn taffy_global_origin(
    taffy_tree: &TaffyTree<usize>,
    node: taffy::NodeId,
) -> Option<(f32, f32)> {
    let mut current = Some(node);
    let mut x = 0.0;
    let mut y = 0.0;
    while let Some(id) = current {
        let layout = taffy_tree.layout(id).ok()?;
        x += layout.location.x;
        y += layout.location.y;
        current = taffy_tree.parent(id);
    }
    Some((x, y))
}

fn collect_taffy_global_rects(
    taffy_tree: &TaffyTree<usize>,
    node: taffy::NodeId,
    parent_x: f32,
    parent_y: f32,
    rects: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, Rect>,
) {
    let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(node) else {
        return;
    };
    let x = parent_x + layout.location.x;
    let y = parent_y + layout.location.y;
    rects.insert(
        node,
        Rect {
            x,
            y,
            width: layout.size.width,
            height: layout.size.height,
        },
    );
    for child in taffy_tree.children(node).unwrap_or_default() {
        collect_taffy_global_rects(taffy_tree, child, x, y, rects);
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct FloatBand {
    top: f32,
    bottom: f32,
    left: f32,
    right: f32,
    side: crate::Float,
}

fn narrow_node_to_float_band(
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    node: taffy::NodeId,
    preliminary_rects: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, Rect>,
    band: FloatBand,
) -> bool {
    let Some(&rect) = preliminary_rects.get(&node) else {
        return false;
    };
    if rect.y >= band.bottom
        || rect.y + rect.height <= band.top
        || rect.width <= 0.0
    {
        return false;
    }
    let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(node) else {
        return false;
    };
    let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(node) else {
        return false;
    };
    let mut narrowed = current.clone();
    let (available, left_shift) = match band.side {
        crate::Float::Right => {
            if band.left >= rect.x + rect.width {
                return false;
            }
            ((band.left - rect.x).max(0.0), 0.0)
        }
        crate::Float::Left => {
            if band.right <= rect.x {
                return false;
            }
            let shift = (band.right - rect.x).max(0.0);
            ((rect.width - shift).max(0.0), shift)
        }
    };
    if available >= rect.width - 0.01 {
        return false;
    }
    let specified = if current.box_sizing == taffy::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
        (available
            - layout.padding.left
            - layout.padding.right
            - layout.border.left
            - layout.border.right)
            .max(0.0)
    } else {
        available
    };
    narrowed.size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(specified);
    narrowed.max_size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(specified);
    if left_shift > 0.0 {
        narrowed.margin.left =
            taffy::LengthPercentageAuto::length(layout.margin.left + left_shift);
    }
    taffy_tree.set_style(node, narrowed).is_ok()
}

fn grow_bfc_to_float_bottom(
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    node: taffy::NodeId,
    preliminary_rects: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, Rect>,
    float_bottom: f32,
) -> bool {
    let Some(&rect) = preliminary_rects.get(&node) else {
        return false;
    };
    let desired_border_height = (float_bottom - rect.y).max(0.0);
    if desired_border_height <= rect.height + 0.01 {
        return false;
    }
    let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(node) else {
        return false;
    };
    let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(node) else {
        return false;
    };
    let specified = if current.box_sizing == taffy::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
        (desired_border_height
            - layout.padding.top
            - layout.padding.bottom
            - layout.border.top
            - layout.border.bottom)
            .max(0.0)
    } else {
        desired_border_height
    };
    let mut grown = current.clone();
    grown.min_size.height = taffy::Dimension::length(specified);
    taffy_tree.set_style(node, grown).is_ok()
}

fn narrow_intersecting_descendants(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    reverse: &HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    ifc_items: &IfcRegistry,
    preliminary_rects: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, Rect>,
    band: FloatBand,
) -> bool {
    let Some(&node) = reverse.get(&id) else {
        return false;
    };
    let Some(&rect) = preliminary_rects.get(&node) else {
        return false;
    };
    if rect.y >= band.bottom || rect.y + rect.height <= band.top {
        return false;
    }
    let Some(style) = styles.get(&id) else {
        return false;
    };
    if style.display == crate::Display::None
        || style.float.is_some()
        || matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
    {
        return false;
    }

    // Float-avoiding formatting contexts move as one box. A shaped IFC or a
    // leaf has no deeper block boundary at which its width can change, so it
    // also consumes the current band as a unit.
    let in_flow_element_children: Vec<NodeId> = tree
        .children(id)
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|child| {
            styles.get(child).map_or(false, |child_style| {
                child_style.display != crate::Display::None
                    && child_style.float.is_none()
                    && !matches!(
                        child_style.position,
                        Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)
                    )
            })
        })
        .collect();
    if establishes_block_formatting_context(style)
        || ifc_items.whole.contains_key(&id)
        || in_flow_element_children.is_empty()
    {
        return narrow_node_to_float_band(
            taffy_tree,
            node,
            preliminary_rects,
            band,
        );
    }

    let mut changed = false;
    for child in in_flow_element_children {
        changed |= narrow_intersecting_descendants(
            tree,
            child,
            taffy_tree,
            reverse,
            styles,
            ifc_items,
            preliminary_rects,
            band,
        );
    }
    changed
}

fn apply_float_continuations(
    tree: &DomTree,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    ifc_items: &IfcRegistry,
) -> bool {
    let reverse: HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId> =
        id_map.iter().map(|(&taffy, &dom)| (dom, taffy)).collect();
    let Some(root) = id_map
        .keys()
        .copied()
        .find(|node| taffy_tree.parent(*node).is_none())
    else {
        return false;
    };
    let mut preliminary_rects = HashMap::with_capacity(id_map.len());
    collect_taffy_global_rects(
        taffy_tree,
        root,
        0.0,
        0.0,
        &mut preliminary_rects,
    );
    let mut changed = false;
    for continuation in &ifc_items.float_continuations {
        let Some(&float_rect) = preliminary_rects.get(&continuation.float) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(float_layout) = taffy_tree.layout(continuation.float) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Some(&flow_rect) = preliminary_rects.get(&continuation.flow) else {
            continue;
        };
        let band = FloatBand {
            top: float_rect.y - float_layout.margin.top,
            bottom: float_rect.y + float_rect.height + float_layout.margin.bottom,
            left: float_rect.x - float_layout.margin.left,
            right: float_rect.x + float_rect.width + float_layout.margin.right,
            side: continuation.side,
        };
        if band.bottom <= flow_rect.y + flow_rect.height + 0.01 {
            continue;
        }

        // A non-BFC wrapper is transparent to the BFC's float manager. Visit
        // the wrapper's following siblings, then repeat at each ancestor until
        // (and including) the nearest ancestor BFC. Descend through ordinary
        // blocks so only the leaf/block bands that actually intersect the
        // float are narrowed; later siblings below the float stay full width.
        let mut current = continuation.owner;
        while let Some(parent) = tree.get_node(current).and_then(|node| node.parent)
        {
            let siblings = tree.children(parent);
            let Some(index) = siblings.iter().position(|candidate| *candidate == current)
            else {
                break;
            };
            for sibling in &siblings[index + 1..] {
                changed |= narrow_intersecting_descendants(
                    tree,
                    *sibling,
                    taffy_tree,
                    &reverse,
                    styles,
                    ifc_items,
                    &preliminary_rects,
                    band,
                );
            }
            let reached_bfc = styles
                .get(&parent)
                .map(establishes_block_formatting_context)
                .unwrap_or(false);
            if reached_bfc {
                if styles
                    .get(&parent)
                    .map(|style| matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto))
                    .unwrap_or(false)
                {
                    if let Some(&bfc_node) = reverse.get(&parent) {
                        changed |=
                            grow_bfc_to_float_bottom(
                                taffy_tree,
                                bfc_node,
                                &preliminary_rects,
                                band.bottom,
                            );
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            current = parent;
        }
    }
    changed
}

/// Recompute table row tracks from the cells' content at their final column
/// widths. Generic grid intrinsic sizing can retain a taller contribution
/// from an earlier, narrower nested-table measurement even after that child
/// resolves to a shorter final box. CSS tables instead finish columns first,
/// measure cells at those widths, then derive rows bottom-up.
fn apply_table_row_geometry(
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    ifc_items: &IfcRegistry,
) -> bool {
    let mut changed = false;
    for (&table_node, row_minimums) in &ifc_items.table_rows {
        let nrows = row_minimums.len();
        if nrows == 0 {
            continue;
        }
        let mut row_heights: Vec<f32> = row_minimums
            .iter()
            .map(|height| height.unwrap_or(0.0).max(0.0))
            .collect();
        let mut cells = Vec::new();
        for cell in taffy_tree.children(table_node).unwrap_or_default() {
            let (Ok(cell_style), Ok(layout)) =
                (taffy_tree.style(cell), taffy_tree.layout(cell))
            else {
                continue;
            };
            let row = match cell_style.grid_row.start {
                GridPlacement::Line(line) => (line.as_i16().max(1) as usize) - 1,
                _ => continue,
            };
            let span = match cell_style.grid_row.end {
                GridPlacement::Span(span) => (span as usize).max(1),
                _ => 1,
            };
            if row >= nrows {
                continue;
            }
            let edges = layout.padding.top
                + layout.padding.bottom
                + layout.border.top
                + layout.border.bottom;
            // Taffy's content_size is the furthest content/child overflow in
            // border-box coordinates (an empty padded cell reports its padding
            // extent), so it is already the right natural border-box floor.
            let mut natural = layout.content_size.height.max(edges);
            if let Some(dom_id) = id_map.get(&cell) {
                if let Some(style) = styles.get(dom_id) {
                    if let crate::Dimension::Px(height) = style.height {
                        let specified = if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                            height + style.padding.top
                                + style.padding.bottom
                                + style.border.top
                                + style.border.bottom
                        } else {
                            height
                        };
                        natural = natural.max(specified);
                    }
                }
            }
            cells.push((cell, row, span.min(nrows - row), natural.max(0.0)));
        }

        // Non-spanning cells define their row directly.
        for &(_, row, span, natural) in &cells {
            if span == 1 {
                row_heights[row] = row_heights[row].max(natural);
            }
        }

        let table_dom = id_map.get(&table_node).copied();
        let (row_gap, table_has_height) = table_dom
            .and_then(|dom_id| styles.get(&dom_id))
            .map(|style| {
                (
                    table_spacing(style).1,
                    matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Px(_)),
                )
            })
            .unwrap_or((0.0, false));

        // A rowspan contributes only the shortfall beyond the rows and gaps
        // it spans. Prefer unstyled rows; when they already have content,
        // distribute proportionally, matching the table row-group algorithm.
        for &(_, row, span, natural) in &cells {
            if span <= 1 {
                continue;
            }
            let end = row + span;
            let current: f32 = row_heights[row..end].iter().sum::<f32>()
                + row_gap * span.saturating_sub(1) as f32;
            let extra = natural - current;
            if extra <= 0.0 {
                continue;
            }
            let mut targets: Vec<usize> = (row..end)
                .filter(|&index| row_minimums[index].is_none())
                .collect();
            if targets.is_empty() {
                targets = (row..end).collect();
            }
            let weight: f32 = targets.iter().map(|&index| row_heights[index]).sum();
            for &index in &targets {
                let share = if weight > 0.0 {
                    extra * row_heights[index] / weight
                } else {
                    extra / targets.len() as f32
                };
                row_heights[index] += share;
            }
        }

        // A definite table height distributes surplus into rows; an auto
        // table must not preserve stale free space from the generic grid pass.
        if table_has_height {
            if let Ok(table_layout) = taffy_tree.layout(table_node) {
                let track_target = (table_layout.size.height
                    - table_layout.padding.top
                    - table_layout.padding.bottom
                    - table_layout.border.top
                    - table_layout.border.bottom
                    - row_gap * nrows.saturating_sub(1) as f32)
                    .max(0.0);
                let current: f32 = row_heights.iter().sum();
                let extra = track_target - current;
                if extra > 0.0 {
                    let mut targets: Vec<usize> = (0..nrows)
                        .filter(|&index| row_minimums[index].is_none())
                        .collect();
                    if targets.is_empty() {
                        targets = (0..nrows).collect();
                    }
                    let weight: f32 =
                        targets.iter().map(|&index| row_heights[index]).sum();
                    for &index in &targets {
                        let share = if weight > 0.0 {
                            extra * row_heights[index] / weight
                        } else {
                            extra / targets.len() as f32
                        };
                        row_heights[index] += share;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(table_node) {
            let mut fixed = current.clone();
            fixed.grid_template_rows = row_heights
                .iter()
                .map(|height| {
                    taffy::GridTemplateComponent::Single(taffy::MinMax {
                        min: taffy::MinTrackSizingFunction::length(*height),
                        max: taffy::MaxTrackSizingFunction::length(*height),
                    })
                })
                .collect();
            if taffy_tree.set_style(table_node, fixed).is_ok() {
                changed = true;
            }
        }
        // A CSS height on a cell is a row minimum, not a smaller final cell
        // box. Once the tracks are pinned, restore auto block-size so every
        // cell stretches to its complete (possibly spanned) grid area.
        for (cell, _, _, _) in cells {
            if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(cell) {
                let mut stretched = current.clone();
                stretched.size.height = taffy::Dimension::auto();
                let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(cell, stretched);
            }
        }
    }
    changed
}

/// Balance the atomic child boxes of each CSS multi-column container.
///
/// Gecko's multicol reflow brackets a known-infeasible and known-feasible
/// column block-size, then repeatedly reflows at a tighter candidate until it
/// finds the smallest feasible height. We use the same invariant over the
/// already measured direct child boxes: a candidate is feasible when a
/// source-ordered greedy fill needs no more than the requested column count.
/// This is O(24 * children) per multicol container and does not reshape or
/// rebuild descendants during the search.
fn apply_multicol_balance(
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    multicol: &[MulticolBuild],
) -> bool {
    let mut changed = false;
    for set in multicol {
        let column_count = set.columns.len();
        if column_count < 2 || set.children.is_empty() {
            continue;
        }
        let weights: Vec<f32> = set
            .children
            .iter()
            .map(|child| {
                taffy_tree.layout(*child).map_or(0.0, |layout| {
                    (layout.size.height + layout.margin.top + layout.margin.bottom)
                        .max(0.0)
                })
            })
            .collect();
        let groups = column_count.min(weights.len());
        let max_weight = weights.iter().copied().fold(0.0f32, f32::max);
        let total: f32 = weights.iter().sum();
        let mut low = max_weight;
        let mut high = total.max(low);
        if high > 0.0 {
            for _ in 0..24 {
                let candidate = (low + high) * 0.5;
                let mut used = 1usize;
                let mut current = 0.0f32;
                for weight in &weights {
                    if current > 0.0 && current + *weight > candidate {
                        used += 1;
                        current = *weight;
                    } else {
                        current += *weight;
                    }
                }
                if used <= groups {
                    high = candidate;
                } else {
                    low = candidate;
                }
            }
        }

        // Pack from the end at the smallest feasible height. This leaves the
        // first columns filled first (column-major source order) while still
        // guaranteeing one item for every non-empty column.
        let mut ranges = Vec::with_capacity(groups);
        let mut end = weights.len();
        for remaining_groups in (1..=groups).rev() {
            let earliest = remaining_groups - 1;
            let mut start = end;
            let mut used = 0.0f32;
            while start > earliest {
                let next = weights[start - 1];
                if start < end && used + next > high + 0.001 {
                    break;
                }
                start -= 1;
                used += next;
            }
            ranges.push(start..end);
            end = start;
        }
        ranges.reverse();

        for (index, column) in set.columns.iter().enumerate() {
            let children = ranges
                .get(index)
                .map(|range| &set.children[range.clone()])
                .unwrap_or(&[]);
            if taffy_tree.set_children(*column, children).is_ok() {
                changed = true;
            }
        }
    }
    changed
}

/// Table-cell block alignment is a post-row-sizing operation. Feeding
/// `justify-content:center/end` into a cell while grid is still computing its
/// auto row tracks lets alignment offsets contaminate the cell's intrinsic
/// block-size (a nested 24px table can incorrectly demand a 29px row). Measure
/// cells from block-start first, freeze each final cell border-box height, then
/// enable middle/bottom alignment for the final layout pass.
fn apply_table_cell_block_alignment(
    tree: &DomTree,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> bool {
    let mut changed = false;
    for (&node, &dom_id) in id_map {
        let Some(style) = styles.get(&dom_id) else {
            continue;
        };
        if !style.internal_flex_container
            || !matches!(
                style.vertical_align,
                Some(crate::VerticalAlign::Middle | crate::VerticalAlign::Bottom)
            )
        {
            continue;
        }
        let is_cell = tree.get_node(dom_id).map_or(false, |dom_node| {
            dom_node.as_element().map_or(false, |element| {
                matches!(element.local.as_ref(), "td" | "th")
            })
        });
        if !is_cell || taffy_tree.children(node).map_or(true, |children| children.is_empty()) {
            // Pure-text cells are aligned after shaping in the text finalize
            // path, where their actual line box height is available.
            continue;
        }
        let (Ok(current), Ok(layout)) = (taffy_tree.style(node), taffy_tree.layout(node)) else {
            continue;
        };
        if current.display != taffy::style::Display::Flex {
            continue;
        }
        let mut aligned = current.clone();
        let border_padding = layout.border.top
            + layout.border.bottom
            + layout.padding.top
            + layout.padding.bottom;
        let declared_height = if aligned.box_sizing == taffy::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
            (layout.size.height - border_padding).max(0.0)
        } else {
            layout.size.height
        };
        aligned.size.height = length(declared_height);
        let is_middle = style.vertical_align == Some(crate::VerticalAlign::Middle);
        if aligned.flex_direction == taffy::FlexDirection::Column {
            aligned.justify_content = Some(if is_middle {
                taffy::JustifyContent::CENTER
            } else {
                taffy::JustifyContent::FLEX_END
            });
        } else {
            aligned.align_content = Some(if is_middle {
                taffy::AlignContent::CENTER
            } else {
                taffy::AlignContent::FLEX_END
            });
        }
        if taffy_tree.set_style(node, aligned).is_ok() {
            changed = true;
        }
    }
    changed
}

/// Repair Taffy 0.12's intrinsic main-size calculation for column flexboxes
/// containing a negative main-axis margin.
///
/// In the max-content path Taffy feeds the margin-adjusted contribution into
/// its flex-fraction calculation. A negative margin on a shrink-disabled item
/// can therefore subtract the item's entire flex basis (or many multiples of
/// it) from the container: a `margin-top:-15px` child with a 100px basis can
/// collapse an otherwise auto-height flex column to zero. Final item sizes and
/// placement are still correct; only the container's automatic block size is
/// corrupted.
///
/// CSS defines that automatic size from the flex items' outer main sizes. Use
/// the already-resolved final item margins and border-box sizes to freeze that
/// intrinsic content height, then let the caller run Taffy again so ordinary
/// min/max sizing and ancestor layout consume the corrected contribution.
fn repair_intrinsic_column_flex_negative_margins(
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> bool {
    let mut repairs = Vec::new();

    for (&node, &dom_id) in id_map {
        let Some(style) = styles.get(&dom_id) else {
            continue;
        };
        if style.display != crate::Display::Flex
            || style.internal_flex_container
            || style.height != crate::Dimension::Auto
            || effective_container_type(style) == crate::ContainerType::Size
            || !matches!(
                style.flex_direction,
                Some(taffy::FlexDirection::Column | taffy::FlexDirection::ColumnReverse)
            )
        {
            continue;
        }

        let Ok(children) = taffy_tree.children(node) else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut item_count = 0usize;
        let mut content_height = 0.0f32;
        let mut has_negative_main_margin = false;
        for child in children {
            let (Ok(child_style), Ok(child_layout)) =
                (taffy_tree.style(child), taffy_tree.layout(child))
            else {
                continue;
            };
            if child_style.display == taffy::style::Display::None
                || child_style.position == taffy::style::Position::Absolute
            {
                continue;
            }
            let margin = child_layout.margin.top + child_layout.margin.bottom;
            has_negative_main_margin |=
                child_layout.margin.top < 0.0 || child_layout.margin.bottom < 0.0;
            content_height += child_layout.size.height + margin;
            item_count += 1;
        }
        if !has_negative_main_margin || item_count == 0 {
            continue;
        }
        content_height +=
            style.row_gap.unwrap_or(0.0) * item_count.saturating_sub(1) as f32;
        content_height = content_height.max(0.0);

        let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(node) else {
            continue;
        };
        let outer_height = content_height
            + layout.padding.top
            + layout.padding.bottom
            + layout.border.top
            + layout.border.bottom;
        if (layout.size.height - outer_height).abs() < 0.01 {
            continue;
        }
        let declared_height = if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
            content_height
        } else {
            outer_height
        };
        repairs.push((node, declared_height));
    }

    let mut changed = false;
    for (node, height) in repairs {
        let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(node) else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut repaired = current.clone();
        repaired.size.height = taffy::Dimension::length(height);
        changed |= taffy_tree.set_style(node, repaired).is_ok();
    }
    changed
}

fn resolve_static_positions_and_reparent(
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    candidates: &[StaticPositionCandidate],
) {
    // Harvest every placeholder coordinate before mutating parent links.
    // Otherwise reparenting an outer candidate changes the global-origin walk
    // for a nested candidate while both still contain preliminary-pass layout
    // coordinates.
    let mut resolved = Vec::with_capacity(candidates.len());
    for candidate in candidates {
        let Some(child_origin) = taffy_global_origin(taffy_tree, candidate.child) else { continue };
        let Some(target_origin) = taffy_global_origin(taffy_tree, candidate.target) else { continue };
        let Ok(child_layout) = taffy_tree.layout(candidate.child) else { continue };
        let child_margin = child_layout.margin;
        let Ok(target_layout) = taffy_tree.layout(candidate.target) else { continue };
        let target_border = target_layout.border;
        let Ok(current_style) = taffy_tree.style(candidate.child) else { continue };
        let mut style = current_style.clone();

        if candidate.inline_axis {
            style.inset.left =
                length(child_origin.0 - target_origin.0 - target_border.left - child_margin.left);
        }
        if candidate.block_axis {
            style.inset.top =
                length(child_origin.1 - target_origin.1 - target_border.top - child_margin.top);
        }
        resolved.push((*candidate, style));
    }

    for (candidate, style) in resolved {
        let Some(current) = taffy_tree.parent(candidate.child) else { continue };
        if taffy_tree.remove_child(current, candidate.child).is_err() {
            continue;
        }
        if taffy_tree.add_child(candidate.target, candidate.child).is_err() {
            let _ = taffy_tree.add_child(current, candidate.child);
            continue;
        }
        if taffy_tree.set_style(candidate.child, style).is_err() {
            let _ = taffy_tree.remove_child(candidate.target, candidate.child);
            let _ = taffy_tree.add_child(current, candidate.child);
        }
    }
}

/// Does `id` have any direct child that is inline-level (a non-whitespace
/// text node, or an element whose resolved display is `Inline`)? Used to
/// decide whether a block container needs the flex-row-wrap approximation of
/// an inline formatting context.
fn has_inline_content(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId, styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>) -> bool {
    tree.children(id).into_iter().any(|cid| {
        let Some(node) = tree.get_node(cid) else { return false };
        match &node.data {
            obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { contents } => !contents.trim().is_empty(),
            _ => styles
                .get(&cid)
                .map(|s| {
                    // A display:contents wrapper is transparent: whether it
                    // reads as inline content depends on what it splices in.
                    if s.display_contents && s.display != crate::Display::None {
                        has_inline_content(tree, cid, styles)
                    } else {
                        // Out-of-flow boxes (absolutely positioned, floated)
                        // are not inline content: an inline that is the sole
                        // child of a hero wrapper must not drag the wrapper
                        // into the inline-formatting path.
                        crate::is_inline_level_box(s)
                            && !matches!(s.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
                            && s.float.is_none()
                    }
                })
                .unwrap_or(false),
        }
    })
}

/// Whether a computed box participates as an in-flow block-level child.
///
/// `LayoutStyle::display` stores the inner display mode for flex/grid boxes,
/// while `is_inline_block` preserves their authored inline outer display.
/// Consequently a non-inline flex/grid container is block-level just like a
/// `display:block` box, but inline-block/inline-flex/inline-grid are not.
fn is_in_flow_block_level(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> bool {
    matches!(
        style.display,
        crate::Display::Block | crate::Display::Flex | crate::Display::Grid
    ) && !style.is_inline_block
        && !style.display_contents
        && style.float.is_none()
        && !matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
}

/// Blockify the generated layout children of a flex/grid container. A
/// display:contents element is transparent, so its first boxed descendants
/// are the items whose outer display changes.
fn blockify_layout_children(
    tree: &DomTree,
    parent: NodeId,
    styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) {
    for child in tree.children(parent) {
        let transparent = styles
            .get(&child)
            .is_some_and(|style| style.display_contents && style.display != crate::Display::None);
        if transparent {
            blockify_layout_children(tree, child, styles);
        } else if let Some(style) = styles.get_mut(&child) {
            crate::blockify_outer_display(style);
        }
    }
}

/// Build whichever of an element or a text node `id` is, returning every
/// taffy node it produced (usually one, but a text node fans out to one leaf
/// per word; see `build_text_words`). Callers collecting a container's
/// children should use this instead of calling `build` directly, so text
/// nodes flatten into the same child list as their sibling elements rather
/// than being skipped or nested a level deeper (either of which would break
/// wrapping: the whole point is for words from different text nodes and
/// inline elements to sit as flat, interleaved siblings that a flex-wrap row
/// can break between anywhere).
fn build_any(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    engine: &mut crate::inline::TextEngine,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Vec<taffy::NodeId> {
    let is_text = tree
        .get_node(id)
        .map(|n| matches!(n.data, obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { .. }))
        .unwrap_or(false);
    if is_text {
        return build_text_words(tree, id, taffy_tree, styles, words);
    }
    // `display: contents` removes the element's own box; its children lay out as
    // if they were direct children of its parent (CSS Display 3). Splice them
    // into the caller's child list (same trick as inline wrappers below).
    // Without this the wrapper became a normal auto-sized box (news-site card
    // anchors are `<a style="display:contents">` around the image), which
    // collapsed to zero area and blanked the image inside (bbc.com/news hero,
    // theguardian.com cards). `display:none` still wins.
    let splices_children = styles
        .get(&id)
        .map(|s| s.display_contents && s.display != crate::Display::None)
        .unwrap_or(false);
    if splices_children {
        return tree
            .children(id)
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(|cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles))
            .collect();
    }
    if is_flattenable_inline(tree, id, styles) {
        // A plain inline wrapper (`<span>`, `<a>`, `<b>`, ...) around text
        // with no box appearance of its own: giving it its own flex-wrap
        // container, like every other element gets, would make *it* the
        // inline-formatting context instead of the enclosing block, which is
        // backwards. Real inline boxes do not wrap independently; the words
        // they contain wrap as part of the single line-breaking process run
        // by their nearest block ancestor. Concretely, a taffy flex-wrap
        // container with an auto width sizes itself from a "measure" pass
        // that does not yet know the final available width, so it collapses
        // toward a min-content (one word wide) guess — visible on Wikipedia's
        // "53 languages" label, which wrapped to "53" / "languages" on two
        // lines purely because the wrapping `<span>` around that text was
        // itself an independent auto-width wrap container. Flattening the
        // wrapper's children into the caller's list (same trick already used
        // for text nodes in `build_text_words`) fixes this at the root: the
        // words become flat siblings that wrap only at the real block level.
        return tree
            .children(id)
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(|cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles))
            .collect();
    }
    let Some(inner) = build(tree, id, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles) else {
        return Vec::new();
    };
    let inline_align = styles.get(&id).and_then(|style| {
        if !crate::is_inline_level_box(style) {
            return None;
        }
        match style.vertical_align {
            Some(crate::VerticalAlign::Middle) => Some(taffy::AlignSelf::CENTER),
            Some(crate::VerticalAlign::Bottom) => Some(taffy::AlignSelf::FLEX_END),
            Some(crate::VerticalAlign::Top) => Some(taffy::AlignSelf::FLEX_START),
            None => None,
        }
    });
    let needs_outer = styles.get(&id).is_some_and(|style| {
        style.is_inline_block
            && matches!(style.display, crate::Display::Flex | crate::Display::Grid)
            && matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
            && style.size_expressions[0].is_none()
    });
    if !needs_outer {
        if let Some(align_self) = inline_align {
            if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(inner) {
                let mut adjusted = current.clone();
                adjusted.align_self = Some(align_self);
                let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(inner, adjusted);
            }
        }
        return vec![inner];
    }

    // Taffy stores only the inner display mode. If an inline-flex/grid node is
    // handed directly to block or flex layout, its auto width is stretched to
    // the available width. A transparent atomic outer node supplies the
    // shrink-wrapping inline participation while the authored node retains its
    // real Flex/Grid layout and remains the DOM geometry/paint owner.
    let transfers_inline_constraint = styles.get(&id).is_some_and(|style| {
        style.min_width != crate::Dimension::Auto
            || style.max_width != crate::Dimension::Auto
            || style.size_expressions[2].is_some()
            || style.size_expressions[4].is_some()
    });
    let (outer_min_width, outer_max_width) = if transfers_inline_constraint {
        taffy_tree
            .style(inner)
            .map(|inner_style| (inner_style.min_size.width, inner_style.max_size.width))
            .unwrap_or((taffy::Dimension::auto(), taffy::Dimension::auto()))
    } else {
        (taffy::Dimension::auto(), taffy::Dimension::auto())
    };
    if transfers_inline_constraint {
        if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(inner) {
            let mut adjusted = current.clone();
            adjusted.size.width = taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0);
            adjusted.min_size.width = taffy::Dimension::auto();
            adjusted.max_size.width = taffy::Dimension::auto();
            let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(inner, adjusted);
        }
    }
    let outer_style = taffy::Style {
        display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
        flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
        flex_wrap: taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap,
        align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
        align_self: inline_align,
        min_size: taffy::Size {
            width: outer_min_width,
            height: taffy::Dimension::auto(),
        },
        max_size: taffy::Size {
            width: outer_max_width,
            height: taffy::Dimension::auto(),
        },
        ..Default::default()
    };
    match taffy_tree.new_with_children(outer_style, &[inner]) {
        Ok(outer) => vec![outer],
        Err(_) => vec![inner],
    }
}

/// Build the direct children of a genuine flex/grid container.
///
/// CSS wraps every contiguous run of in-flow text in one anonymous flex/grid
/// item whose contents form an inline formatting context. Splitting a text
/// node into one taffy item per word is only valid inside our flex-wrap IFC
/// stand-in; doing it at this outer level makes `flex-wrap:nowrap` lay an
/// entire paragraph on one line (MDN's contributor quote). Fold text runs to
/// one measured/shaped anonymous item and leave authored element children as
/// their own flex/grid items.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn build_flex_grid_children(
    tree: &DomTree,
    parent: NodeId,
    dom_children: &[NodeId],
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    engine: &mut crate::inline::TextEngine,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Vec<taffy::NodeId> {
    let mut children = Vec::new();
    let mut index = 0;
    while index < dom_children.len() {
        let is_text = tree.get_node(dom_children[index]).map_or(false, |node| {
            matches!(node.data, obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { .. })
        });
        if !is_text {
            children.extend(build_any(
                tree,
                dom_children[index],
                taffy_tree,
                id_map,
                words,
                engine,
                ifc_items,
                styles,
            ));
            index += 1;
            continue;
        }

        let start = index;
        while index < dom_children.len()
            && tree.get_node(dom_children[index]).map_or(false, |node| {
                matches!(node.data, obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { .. })
            })
        {
            index += 1;
        }
        let run = &dom_children[start..index];
        if let Some(item) = engine.try_build_run(tree, parent, run, styles) {
            let style = taffy::Style {
                display: taffy::style::Display::Block,
                ..Default::default()
            };
            if let Ok(leaf) = taffy_tree.new_leaf_with_context(style, item) {
                ifc_items.runs.entry(parent).or_default().push(item);
                children.push(leaf);
                continue;
            }
        }
        for &text in run {
            children.extend(build_any(
                tree,
                text,
                taffy_tree,
                id_map,
                words,
                engine,
                ifc_items,
                styles,
            ));
        }
    }
    children
}

/// Is `id` a `display: inline` element with no box appearance or sizing of
/// its own — safe to flatten into its parent's child list instead of giving
/// it an independent (and, for wrapping auto-width containers, buggy) flex
/// context? Covers the dominant real-world case: `<a>`/`<span>`/`<b>`/etc.
/// wrapping plain text with no inline styling.
fn is_flattenable_inline(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId, styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>) -> bool {
    let Some(node) = tree.get_node(id) else { return false };
    if node.as_element().is_none() {
        return false;
    }
    let Some(style) = styles.get(&id) else { return false };
    style.display == crate::Display::Inline
        && !style.is_inline_block
        && style.before_pseudo.is_none()
        && style.after_pseudo.is_none()
        && style.background_color.is_none()
        && style.background_image.is_none()
        && style.mask_image.is_none()
        && style.border == crate::Edges::default()
        && style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto
        && style.height == crate::Dimension::Auto
        && style.position.is_none()
        && !style.overflow_hidden
        && style.float.is_none()
}

/// Split a text node into one taffy leaf per word (a whitespace-delimited
/// token, each keeping a single trailing space so adjacent words stay
/// visually separated), so it can wrap across several lines within its
/// container instead of being one indivisible box. A single leaf per whole
/// text node cannot wrap internally: flex-wrap only ever breaks *between*
/// items, so a long run of plain text with no inline elements breaking it up
/// (a very common shape: prose without a link for several sentences) would
/// either fit as one giant item or overflow straight past the container's
/// edge, never wrapping onto a new line the way real text does.
fn build_text_words(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
) -> Vec<taffy::NodeId> {
    let Some(node) = tree.get_node(id) else { return Vec::new() };
    let obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { contents } = &node.data else { return Vec::new() };

    let mut display_text = String::new();
    let mut in_space = false;
    for c in contents.chars() {
        if c.is_whitespace() {
            if !in_space {
                display_text.push(' ');
                in_space = true;
            }
        } else {
            display_text.push(c);
            in_space = false;
        }
    }

    let mut fsize = 16.0;
    let mut is_bold = false;
    let mut family = None;
    let mut line_height = fsize * 1.2;
    let mut transform = crate::TextTransform::None;
    let mut letter_spacing = 0.0;
    if let Some(parent_id) = node.parent {
        if let Some(p_style) = styles.get(&parent_id) {
            fsize = p_style.font_size.unwrap_or(16.0);
            is_bold = crate::style::used_font_weight(p_style) >= 600;
            family = p_style.font_family.as_deref();
            line_height = crate::inline::used_line_height(p_style);
            transform = p_style
                .text_transform
                .unwrap_or(crate::TextTransform::None);
            letter_spacing = p_style.letter_spacing.unwrap_or(0.0);
        }
    }
    display_text = transform_word_leaf_text(&display_text, transform);

    build_word_leaves(
        id,
        &display_text,
        fsize,
        line_height,
        is_bold,
        family,
        letter_spacing,
        taffy_tree,
        words,
    )
}

fn transform_word_leaf_text(text: &str, transform: crate::TextTransform) -> String {
    match transform {
        crate::TextTransform::None => text.to_string(),
        crate::TextTransform::Uppercase => text.chars().flat_map(char::to_uppercase).collect(),
        crate::TextTransform::Lowercase => text.chars().flat_map(char::to_lowercase).collect(),
        crate::TextTransform::Capitalize => {
            let mut at_word_start = true;
            let mut out = String::with_capacity(text.len());
            for ch in text.chars() {
                if ch.is_whitespace() {
                    at_word_start = true;
                    out.push(ch);
                } else if at_word_start {
                    out.extend(ch.to_uppercase());
                    at_word_start = false;
                } else {
                    out.push(ch);
                }
            }
            out
        }
    }
}

/// Split `text` into one taffy leaf per word and register each against
/// `source_id` in `words`. Shared by `build_text_words` (a real DOM text
/// node) and `build_pseudo_content` (a `::before`/`::after` literal, which
/// has no text node of its own — `source_id` is the host element instead).
fn build_word_leaves(
    source_id: NodeId,
    text: &str,
    fsize: f32,
    line_height: f32,
    is_bold: bool,
    family: Option<&str>,
    letter_spacing: f32,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
) -> Vec<taffy::NodeId> {
    tokenize_with_spaces(text)
        .into_iter()
        .filter_map(|token| {
            let width = text_width(&token, fsize, is_bold, family, letter_spacing);
            // A pure-whitespace token is HTML source formatting or a bare
            // inter-element space; it keeps its (small) width so adjacent
            // inline content stays visually separated, but contributes no
            // height, so it never adds a spurious blank row when it lands
            // between block-level siblings (e.g. formatting whitespace
            // around a run of now-collapsed, display:none list items).
            let height = if token.trim().is_empty() {
                0.0
            } else {
                line_height.max(0.0)
            };
            let taffy_style = taffy::Style {
                size: taffy::Size { width: taffy::Dimension::length(width), height: taffy::Dimension::length(height) },
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let taffy_id = taffy_tree.new_leaf(taffy_style).ok()?;
            words.insert(taffy_id, (source_id, token));
            Some(taffy_id)
        })
        .collect()
}

/// Build the word leaves for a `::before`/`::after` literal `content`,
/// registered against the host element's own id (there is no real DOM text
/// node backing generated content, so its geometry is reported under the
/// element itself in `DomLayout::text_runs`, and painted the same way a real
/// text node's words are).
fn build_pseudo_content(
    id: NodeId,
    content: &str,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
) -> Vec<taffy::NodeId> {
    let fsize = style.font_size.unwrap_or(16.0);
    let is_bold = crate::style::used_font_weight(style) >= 600;
    build_word_leaves(
        id,
        content,
        fsize,
        crate::inline::used_line_height(style),
        is_bold,
        style.font_family.as_deref(),
        style.letter_spacing.unwrap_or(0.0),
        taffy_tree,
        words,
    )
}

fn pseudo_requires_generated_box(style: &crate::LayoutStyle, content: Option<&str>) -> bool {
    content == Some("")
        || style.content_image.is_some()
        || style.display != crate::Display::Inline
        || style.is_inline_block
        || style.position.is_some()
        || style.width != crate::Dimension::Auto
        || style.height != crate::Dimension::Auto
        || style.min_width != crate::Dimension::Auto
        || style.min_height != crate::Dimension::Auto
        || style.max_width != crate::Dimension::Auto
        || style.max_height != crate::Dimension::Auto
        || style.margin != crate::Edges::default()
        || style.margin_auto.iter().any(|value| *value)
        || style.padding != crate::Edges::default()
        || style.padding_percent.iter().any(|value| value.is_some())
        || style.border != crate::Edges::default()
        || style.background_color.is_some()
        || style.background_gradient.is_some()
        || style.background_radial_gradient.is_some()
        || style.background_conic_gradient.is_some()
        || style.background_image.is_some()
        || style.mask_image.is_some()
        || style.box_shadow.is_some()
        || !style.border_radius.is_zero()
        || style.overflow_hidden
        || style.transform_translate.is_some()
        || style.transform_scale.is_some()
}

fn has_in_flow_generated_pseudo(pseudo: Option<&crate::LayoutStyle>) -> bool {
    pseudo.map_or(false, |pseudo| {
        pseudo.display != crate::Display::None
            && !matches!(pseudo.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
    })
}

/// Build one in-flow pseudo as either the existing zero-overhead generated
/// text leaves or a real anonymous box. The latter is used only when the
/// pseudo's own box model can affect geometry/paint; ordinary `content:"x"`
/// remains part of the surrounding inline run and does not allocate an extra
/// container.
fn build_in_flow_pseudo(
    host: NodeId,
    kind: GeneratedBoxKind,
    pseudo: Option<&crate::LayoutStyle>,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
) -> Option<(Vec<taffy::NodeId>, bool)> {
    let pseudo = pseudo?;
    if matches!(pseudo.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
        || pseudo.display == crate::Display::None
    {
        return None;
    }
    let content = pseudo.before_content.as_deref();
    if !pseudo_requires_generated_box(pseudo, content) {
        let leaves = build_pseudo_content(host, content?, pseudo, taffy_tree, words);
        return (!leaves.is_empty()).then_some((leaves, false));
    }

    let children = content
        .filter(|text| !text.is_empty())
        .map(|text| build_pseudo_content(host, text, pseudo, taffy_tree, words))
        .unwrap_or_default();
    let mut taffy_style = to_taffy_style(pseudo);
    // A block pseudo's outer participation is block-level, but its generated
    // text still forms an inline formatting context inside it. Taffy has no
    // split outer/inner display representation, so use a wrapping row for the
    // inner text while the parent block still treats this node as one child.
    if pseudo.display == crate::Display::Block && !children.is_empty() {
        taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Flex;
        taffy_style.flex_direction = taffy::FlexDirection::Row;
        taffy_style.flex_wrap = taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap;
    }
    let node = if children.is_empty() {
        taffy_tree.new_leaf(taffy_style).ok()?
    } else {
        taffy_tree.new_with_children(taffy_style, &children).ok()?
    };
    ifc_items
        .generated
        .push(GeneratedBoxBuild { host, kind, node });
    let block_level = pseudo.display != crate::Display::Inline && !pseudo.is_inline_block;
    Some((vec![node], block_level))
}

/// Split already whitespace-collapsed text into tokens, each carrying at most
/// one trailing space (`"Hello World "` -> `["Hello ", "World "]`), so a
/// word's own width naturally includes the gap to the next one.
fn tokenize_with_spaces(text: &str) -> Vec<String> {
    let mut tokens = Vec::new();
    let mut cur = String::new();
    for c in text.chars() {
        cur.push(c);
        if c == ' ' {
            tokens.push(std::mem::take(&mut cur));
        }
    }
    if !cur.is_empty() {
        tokens.push(cur);
    }
    tokens
}

/// Give each `<tr>`/`<tbody>`/`<thead>`/`<tfoot>` its CSS table-grid band. In
/// the grid table model these wrappers are not taffy boxes, so without this
/// their backgrounds, borders, and DOM geometry would disappear.
///
/// A row's inline extent includes all cells that start in it, but its block
/// extent must ignore the portion of a `rowspan` that continues through later
/// rows. Nested-table cells must not participate at all. Sections are then the
/// union of their already-synthesized direct rows.
fn synthesize_row_rects(tree: &DomTree, rects: &mut HashMap<NodeId, Rect>) {
    let mut rows = Vec::new();
    let mut sections = Vec::new();
    let mut table_inline: HashMap<NodeId, Rect> = HashMap::new();
    for id in tree.descendants(tree.document()) {
        let local = match tree.get_node(id).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.to_string())) {
            Some(l) => l,
            None => continue,
        };
        match local.as_str() {
            "tr" => rows.push(id),
            "tbody" | "thead" | "tfoot" => sections.push(id),
            "td" | "th" => {
                let mut ancestor = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
                while let Some(parent) = ancestor {
                    let is_table = tree.get_node(parent).map_or(false, |node| {
                        node.as_element()
                            .map_or(false, |element| element.local.as_ref() == "table")
                    });
                    if is_table {
                        if let Some(rect) = rects.get(&id) {
                            table_inline
                                .entry(parent)
                                .and_modify(|current| *current = current.union(rect))
                                .or_insert(*rect);
                        }
                        break;
                    }
                    ancestor = tree.get_node(parent).and_then(|node| node.parent);
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }

    for id in rows {
        if rects.contains_key(&id) {
            continue;
        }
        let mut inline: Option<Rect> = None;
        let mut block: Option<Rect> = None;
        for cell in tree.children(id) {
            let is_cell = tree
                .get_node(cell)
                .and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| matches!(e.local.as_ref(), "td" | "th")))
                .unwrap_or(false);
            if !is_cell {
                continue;
            }
            let Some(r) = rects.get(&cell) else {
                continue;
            };
            inline = Some(match inline {
                Some(a) => a.union(r),
                None => *r,
            });
            let spans_one_row = tree
                .get_node(cell)
                .and_then(|node| {
                    node.get_attribute("rowspan")
                        .and_then(|value| value.trim().parse::<usize>().ok())
                })
                .map_or(true, |span| span == 1);
            if spans_one_row {
                block = Some(match block {
                    Some(a) => a.union(r),
                    None => *r,
                });
            }
        }
        if let Some(mut inline) = inline {
            let mut ancestor = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            while let Some(parent) = ancestor {
                if let Some(table_band) = table_inline.get(&parent) {
                    inline.x = table_band.x;
                    inline.width = table_band.width;
                    break;
                }
                ancestor = tree.get_node(parent).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            }
            let block = block.unwrap_or(inline);
            rects.insert(
                id,
                Rect {
                    x: inline.x,
                    y: block.y,
                    width: inline.width,
                    height: block.height,
                },
            );
        }
    }

    for id in sections {
        if rects.contains_key(&id) {
            continue;
        }
        let mut section: Option<Rect> = None;
        for row in tree.children(id) {
            let is_row = tree
                .get_node(row)
                .map_or(false, |node| {
                    node.as_element()
                        .map_or(false, |element| element.local.as_ref() == "tr")
                });
            if !is_row {
                continue;
            }
            if let Some(rect) = rects.get(&row) {
                section = Some(match section {
                    Some(current) => current.union(rect),
                    None => *rect,
                });
            }
        }
        if let Some(rect) = section {
            rects.insert(id, rect);
        }
    }
}

/// Collect `<tr>` elements of a table in document order, descending through
/// `<thead>`/`<tbody>`/`<tfoot>` section wrappers but never into a cell or a
/// nested `<table>` (whose rows belong to that inner table).
/// Number of ancestors of `id` up to the document root. Used to order nested
/// tables deepest-first in the table used-width pass.
fn dom_depth(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId) -> usize {
    let mut d = 0usize;
    let mut cur = id;
    while let Some(p) = tree.get_node(cur).and_then(|n| n.parent) {
        d += 1;
        cur = p;
        if d > 4096 {
            break;
        }
    }
    d
}

fn collect_table_rows(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId, rows: &mut Vec<NodeId>) {
    for cid in tree.children(id) {
        let local = tree.get_node(cid).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.to_string()));
        match local.as_deref() {
            Some("tr") => rows.push(cid),
            Some("thead") | Some("tbody") | Some("tfoot") => collect_table_rows(tree, cid, rows),
            _ => {}
        }
    }
}

/// Effective separate-border spacing. Collapsed tables contribute no spacing
/// at either the outer table edges or between tracks.
fn table_spacing(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> (f32, f32) {
    if style.border_collapse.unwrap_or(false) {
        (0.0, 0.0)
    } else {
        style.border_spacing.unwrap_or((0.0, 0.0))
    }
}

/// Horizontal non-track area in the table's border box, excluding the gaps
/// *between* columns: authored border/padding plus one border-spacing unit at
/// each outer edge.
fn table_inline_outer_edges(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> f32 {
    let (spacing, _) = table_spacing(style);
    style.border.left
        + style.border.right
        + style.padding.left
        + style.padding.right
        + spacing * 2.0
}

/// Build a `<table>` as a CSS grid. Modeling the table as a grid is what makes
/// columns negotiate a shared width across every row (min-content/max-content
/// track sizing), which the old flex-row-per-`<tr>` stack could not do: each
/// row sized its cells independently, so columns drifted and never lined up.
/// Cells (`<td>`/`<th>`) become grid items placed by (row, column) with
/// colspan/rowspan mapped to grid spans; `<tr>`/`<tbody>`/`<thead>`/`<tfoot>`
/// do not get their own layout boxes (their backgrounds are not modeled yet).
/// The grid node is created at width:auto here; its final width is set later in
/// `layout_dom` by a two-pass intrinsic measurement (see the table-sizing pass)
/// so the table can grow to fit an unbreakable wide cell the way real tables do.
/// Returns `None` (falling back to the generic path) if the table has no cells.
fn build_table(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    engine: &mut crate::inline::TextEngine,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Option<taffy::NodeId> {
    let style = styles.get(&id)?;
    let mut rows: Vec<NodeId> = Vec::new();
    collect_table_rows(tree, id, &mut rows);
    if rows.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }
    // Bounds so a crafted table cannot exhaust memory or time: `colspan`/
    // `rowspan` and the column count are page-controlled, and the occupancy
    // fill is O(rows x cols) native code that neither the V8 watchdog nor a
    // tokio timeout can interrupt. Real tables never approach these. Rows are
    // capped too, both to bound work and to keep grid line/span indices within
    // taffy's i16/u16 range.
    const MAX_SPAN: usize = 1000;
    const MAX_COLS: usize = 1024;
    const MAX_ROWS: usize = 10000;
    if rows.len() > MAX_ROWS {
        rows.truncate(MAX_ROWS);
    }
    let nrows = rows.len();

    // Assign every cell a (row, column) with a rowspan-occupancy grid so a cell
    // that spans down pushes later rows' cells past the columns it still covers.
    let span_attr = |cid: NodeId, name: &str| -> usize {
        tree.get_node(cid)
            .and_then(|n| n.get_attribute(name).and_then(|v| v.trim().parse::<usize>().ok()))
            .unwrap_or(1)
    };
    let mut occupied: std::collections::HashSet<(usize, usize)> = std::collections::HashSet::new();
    let mut placed: Vec<(NodeId, usize, usize, usize, usize)> = Vec::new();
    let mut ncols = 0usize;
    for (r, &tr) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
        let mut c = 0usize;
        for cid in tree.children(tr) {
            let local = tree.get_node(cid).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.to_string()));
            if !matches!(local.as_deref(), Some("td") | Some("th")) {
                continue;
            }
            // A hidden cell is removed from the table model entirely (it must
            // not reserve a column slot, or the surviving cells shift right).
            if styles.get(&cid).map(|s| s.display == crate::Display::None).unwrap_or(false) {
                continue;
            }
            while occupied.contains(&(r, c)) {
                c += 1;
            }
            if c >= MAX_COLS {
                break;
            }
            let cs = span_attr(cid, "colspan").clamp(1, MAX_SPAN);
            // rowspan=0 means "span to the end"; a cell can never span more rows
            // than remain, so clamp both to the rows left (which also bounds the
            // occupancy fill and keeps spans within taffy's range).
            let rs_raw = span_attr(cid, "rowspan");
            let rs = if rs_raw == 0 { nrows - r } else { rs_raw }.clamp(1, nrows - r);
            for dr in 0..rs {
                for dc in 0..cs {
                    occupied.insert((r + dr, c + dc));
                }
            }
            placed.push((cid, r, c, rs, cs));
            c += cs;
            ncols = ncols.max(c).min(MAX_COLS);
        }
    }
    if placed.is_empty() || ncols == 0 {
        return None;
    }

    // Build each cell and pin it to its grid area.
    let mut children: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = Vec::new();
    for (cid, r, c, rs, cs) in &placed {
        let Some(cell_node) = build(tree, *cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles) else {
            continue;
        };
        if let Ok(cur) = taffy_tree.style(cell_node) {
            let mut cstyle = cur.clone();
            cstyle.grid_row = taffy::Line { start: line((*r as i16) + 1), end: span(*rs as u16) };
            cstyle.grid_column = taffy::Line { start: line((*c as i16) + 1), end: span(*cs as u16) };
            // Grid does the sizing; a leftover flex_grow from the flex-table
            // heuristic would be ignored anyway, but clear it to be explicit.
            cstyle.flex_grow = 0.0;
            // A cell's specified width sizes its COLUMN (fed into the track
            // by the pre-pass above); the cell box itself always fills its
            // grid area. Left in place, a `width:50%` cell would shrink to
            // half of its own already-halved track.
            cstyle.size.width = Dimension::auto();
            let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(cell_node, cstyle);
        }
        children.push(cell_node);
    }
    if children.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }

    // Column sizing pre-pass: specified widths on `<col>` elements and on
    // colspan-1 cells feed the tracks, so author column sizing actually
    // applies (a `td{width:200px}` must size the COLUMN, across every row).
    // A percent width becomes a percent track (resolving against the table),
    // a px width caps the track at that length (min-content still protects
    // the content), and unspecified columns keep content sizing with an
    // `auto` max so they stretch to fill a definite table width instead of
    // leaving a dead strip of bare table background.
    let mut col_px: Vec<Option<f32>> = vec![None; ncols];
    let mut col_pct: Vec<Option<f32>> = vec![None; ncols];
    let attr_width = |cid: NodeId| -> (Option<f32>, Option<f32>) {
        let Some(v) = tree.get_node(cid).and_then(|n| n.get_attribute("width").map(|s| s.trim().to_string())) else {
            return (None, None);
        };
        if let Some(p) = v.strip_suffix('%').and_then(|s| s.trim().parse::<f32>().ok()) {
            (None, Some(p / 100.0))
        } else {
            (v.trim_end_matches("px").trim().parse::<f32>().ok(), None)
        }
    };
    let style_width = |cid: NodeId| -> (Option<f32>, Option<f32>) {
        match styles.get(&cid).map(|s| s.width) {
            Some(crate::Dimension::Px(w)) if w > 0.0 => (Some(w), None),
            Some(crate::Dimension::Percent(p)) if p > 0.0 => (None, Some(p)),
            _ => attr_width(cid),
        }
    };
    // <col> elements (direct or under <colgroup>), each spanning `span` columns.
    let mut next_col = 0usize;
    let mut col_elems: Vec<NodeId> = Vec::new();
    for cid in tree.children(id) {
        match tree.get_node(cid).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.to_string())).as_deref() {
            Some("col") => col_elems.push(cid),
            Some("colgroup") => {
                for gc in tree.children(cid) {
                    if tree.get_node(gc).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.as_ref() == "col")).unwrap_or(false) {
                        col_elems.push(gc);
                    }
                }
            }
            _ => {}
        }
    }
    for col_el in col_elems {
        let span = tree
            .get_node(col_el)
            .and_then(|n| n.get_attribute("span").and_then(|v| v.trim().parse::<usize>().ok()))
            .unwrap_or(1)
            .clamp(1, MAX_SPAN);
        let (px, pct) = style_width(col_el);
        for _ in 0..span {
            if next_col >= ncols {
                break;
            }
            col_px[next_col] = px;
            col_pct[next_col] = pct;
            next_col += 1;
        }
    }
    // colspan-1 cells override <col> (they are closer to the content).
    for (cid, _r, c, _rs, cs) in &placed {
        if *cs != 1 || *c >= ncols {
            continue;
        }
        let (mut px, pct) = style_width(*cid);
        // A fixed width declared on a cell describes its content box unless
        // the author opted into border-box. Grid tracks describe the cell's
        // outer border box, so carry padding and border into the pinned track.
        // `<col>` widths above already describe the column track and must not
        // receive a particular cell's box edges.
        if let (Some(w), Some(s)) = (px, styles.get(cid)) {
            if s.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
                px = Some(
                    w + s.padding.left
                        + s.padding.right
                        + s.border.left
                        + s.border.right,
                );
            }
        }
        if let Some(w) = px {
            col_px[*c] = Some(col_px[*c].map_or(w, |cur| cur.max(w)));
        }
        if let Some(p) = pct {
            col_pct[*c] = Some(col_pct[*c].map_or(p, |cur| cur.max(p)));
        }
    }

    // Row sizing: a `height` on the row or a rowspan-1 cell is a MINIMUM
    // (content can always grow a row), matching how tables treat heights.
    let mut row_min: Vec<Option<f32>> = vec![None; nrows];
    for (r, &tr) in rows.iter().enumerate() {
        if let Some(crate::Dimension::Px(h)) = styles.get(&tr).map(|s| s.height) {
            if h > 0.0 {
                row_min[r] = Some(h);
            }
        }
    }
    for (cid, r, _c, rs, _cs) in &placed {
        if *rs != 1 {
            continue;
        }
        if let Some(crate::Dimension::Px(h)) = styles.get(cid).map(|s| s.height) {
            if h > 0.0 {
                row_min[*r] = Some(row_min[*r].map_or(h, |cur| cur.max(h)));
            }
        }
    }

    let col = |i: usize| {
        let max = if let Some(p) = col_pct[i] {
            taffy::MaxTrackSizingFunction::percent(p)
        } else if let Some(px) = col_px[i] {
            taffy::MaxTrackSizingFunction::length(px)
        } else {
            taffy::MaxTrackSizingFunction::auto()
        };
        taffy::GridTemplateComponent::Single(taffy::MinMax { min: taffy::MinTrackSizingFunction::min_content(), max })
    };
    let row_track = |r: usize| {
        let min = match row_min[r] {
            Some(h) => taffy::MinTrackSizingFunction::length(h),
            None => taffy::MinTrackSizingFunction::auto(),
        };
        taffy::GridTemplateComponent::Single(taffy::MinMax { min, max: taffy::MaxTrackSizingFunction::auto() })
    };
    // In the separate-border model, border-spacing also exists between the
    // table edge and the first/last row and column. Grid `gap` only covers
    // interior tracks, so model the two outer spacing bands as internal
    // layout padding while leaving the computed CSS padding unchanged.
    let (horizontal_spacing, vertical_spacing) = table_spacing(style);
    let mut grid_style = style.clone();
    grid_style.padding.left += horizontal_spacing;
    grid_style.padding.right += horizontal_spacing;
    grid_style.padding.top += vertical_spacing;
    grid_style.padding.bottom += vertical_spacing;
    let mut tstyle = to_taffy_style(&grid_style);
    tstyle.display = Display::Grid;
    // A percentage width resolves against the container, so keep it and let the
    // used-width pass leave it to taffy. Any other width (px or auto) is forced
    // to auto here so that pass can measure content before choosing the width.
    if !matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Percent(_)) {
        tstyle.size.width = Dimension::auto();
    }
    tstyle.grid_template_columns = (0..ncols).map(col).collect();
    tstyle.grid_template_rows = (0..nrows).map(row_track).collect();
    tstyle.gap = taffy::Size {
        width: length(horizontal_spacing),
        height: length(vertical_spacing),
    };
    let table_node = taffy_tree.new_with_children(tstyle, &children).ok()?;
    id_map.insert(table_node, id);
    ifc_items.table_rows.insert(table_node, row_min);
    if col_px.iter().any(Option::is_some) || col_pct.iter().any(Option::is_some) {
        ifc_items.table_cols.insert(table_node, (col_px, col_pct));
    }
    Some(table_node)
}

/// Effective size-query containment for this generated box.
///
/// CSS size containment has no effect on a non-atomic inline box or an
/// internal table box. Keeping the check centralized also prevents those
/// boxes from exposing queryable size axes through `container_snapshot`.
fn effective_container_type(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> crate::ContainerType {
    if style.internal_flex_container
        || style.is_table_box
        || (style.display == crate::Display::Inline && !style.is_inline_block)
    {
        crate::ContainerType::Normal
    } else {
        style.container_type
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
enum ContainerAutoInlineSize {
    FillAvailable,
    Intrinsic,
    StretchedGridItem,
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
enum ContainerAutoBlockSize {
    Intrinsic,
    StretchedGridItem,
}

/// Classify how an auto inline-size is resolved. Stretched grid items need
/// their intrinsic contribution contained without replacing the final auto
/// size that stretch alignment consumes.
fn container_auto_inline_size(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> ContainerAutoInlineSize {
    if style.is_inline_block || style.float.is_some() {
        return ContainerAutoInlineSize::Intrinsic;
    }
    if matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)) {
        // An absolutely positioned auto width is fill-available only when
        // both inline insets are definite.
        return if style.inset[1].is_none() || style.inset[3].is_none() {
            ContainerAutoInlineSize::Intrinsic
        } else {
            ContainerAutoInlineSize::FillAvailable
        };
    }

    let mut parent = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
    let parent_style = loop {
        let Some(parent_id) = parent else {
            return ContainerAutoInlineSize::FillAvailable;
        };
        let Some(parent_style) = styles.get(&parent_id) else {
            return ContainerAutoInlineSize::FillAvailable;
        };
        if parent_style.display_contents {
            parent = tree.get_node(parent_id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            continue;
        }
        break parent_style;
    };
    match parent_style.display {
        crate::Display::Flex => {
            let row = !matches!(
                parent_style.flex_direction,
                Some(
                    taffy::FlexDirection::Column
                        | taffy::FlexDirection::ColumnReverse
                )
            );
            if row {
                ContainerAutoInlineSize::Intrinsic
            } else if style
                .align_self
                .unwrap_or(
                    parent_style
                        .align_items
                        .unwrap_or(taffy::AlignItems::STRETCH),
                )
                == taffy::AlignSelf::STRETCH
            {
                ContainerAutoInlineSize::FillAvailable
            } else {
                ContainerAutoInlineSize::Intrinsic
            }
        }
        crate::Display::Grid => {
            if style
                .justify_self
                .unwrap_or(
                    parent_style
                        .justify_items
                        .unwrap_or(taffy::JustifyItems::STRETCH),
                )
                == taffy::AlignSelf::STRETCH
            {
                ContainerAutoInlineSize::StretchedGridItem
            } else {
                ContainerAutoInlineSize::Intrinsic
            }
        }
        crate::Display::Inline => ContainerAutoInlineSize::Intrinsic,
        _ => ContainerAutoInlineSize::FillAvailable,
    }
}

/// Classify an auto block-size for size containment. A stretched grid item
/// must keep its auto size so final alignment can fill a definite grid area;
/// only its intrinsic track contribution is contained.
fn container_auto_block_size(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> ContainerAutoBlockSize {
    // Absolutely positioned descendants are not grid items. Preserve the
    // existing contained intrinsic-height behavior until their independent
    // inset-based fill sizing is modeled explicitly.
    if matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)) {
        return ContainerAutoBlockSize::Intrinsic;
    }

    let mut parent = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
    let parent_style = loop {
        let Some(parent_id) = parent else {
            return ContainerAutoBlockSize::Intrinsic;
        };
        let Some(parent_style) = styles.get(&parent_id) else {
            return ContainerAutoBlockSize::Intrinsic;
        };
        if parent_style.display_contents {
            parent = tree.get_node(parent_id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            continue;
        }
        break parent_style;
    };

    if parent_style.display == crate::Display::Grid
        && style
            .align_self
            .unwrap_or(
                parent_style
                    .align_items
                    .unwrap_or(taffy::AlignItems::STRETCH),
            )
            == taffy::AlignSelf::STRETCH
        && !style.margin_auto[0]
        && !style.margin_auto[2]
    {
        ContainerAutoBlockSize::StretchedGridItem
    } else {
        ContainerAutoBlockSize::Intrinsic
    }
}

/// Apply the used-size part of `container-type`'s implicit size containment.
///
/// The default contain-intrinsic-size is zero. Fill-available block boxes keep
/// their normal auto inline size, which is already descendant-independent.
/// Shrink-to-fit boxes instead receive a zero intrinsic inline size, and a
/// `size` container with auto block-size receives a zero intrinsic block size.
/// Descendants remain in the layout tree and may visibly overflow; size
/// containment is not paint containment and must not clip them.
fn apply_container_size_containment(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    taffy_style: &mut taffy::Style,
) {
    let kind = effective_container_type(style);
    if kind == crate::ContainerType::Normal {
        return;
    }

    if matches!(style.min_width, crate::Dimension::Auto) {
        taffy_style.min_size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(0.0);
    }
    let ratio_transfers_inline_size =
        style.aspect_ratio.is_some() && !matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto);
    if matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Auto) && !ratio_transfers_inline_size {
        match container_auto_inline_size(tree, id, style, styles) {
            ContainerAutoInlineSize::Intrinsic => {
                taffy_style.size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(0.0);
            }
            ContainerAutoInlineSize::StretchedGridItem => {
                taffy_style.intrinsic_size_containment.width = true;
            }
            ContainerAutoInlineSize::FillAvailable => {}
        }
    }

    if kind == crate::ContainerType::Size {
        if matches!(style.min_height, crate::Dimension::Auto) {
            taffy_style.min_size.height = taffy::Dimension::length(0.0);
        }
        let ratio_transfers_block_size =
            style.aspect_ratio.is_some() && !matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Auto);
        if matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto) && !ratio_transfers_block_size {
            match container_auto_block_size(tree, id, style, styles) {
                ContainerAutoBlockSize::Intrinsic => {
                    taffy_style.size.height = taffy::Dimension::length(0.0);
                }
                ContainerAutoBlockSize::StretchedGridItem => {
                    taffy_style.intrinsic_size_containment.height = true;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct DeferredCyclicInlineSize {
    node: NodeId,
    flex_item: NodeId,
    slot: usize,
}

/// During a flex item's intrinsic-size calculation, percentages in descendant
/// inline sizes are cyclic: their containing block does not have its used
/// width yet. Resolving those percentages against the width inherited from a
/// more distant ancestor turns the temporary value into a permanent
/// min-content floor. Gecko instead measures the flex item first, then reflows
/// its descendants under the item's final main size.
///
/// Keep the non-percentage part for the intrinsic pass (percentage basis zero),
/// and remember enough information to resolve the complete expression after
/// flex sizing has selected the item's used width.
fn defer_cyclic_flex_inline_sizes(
    tree: &DomTree,
    styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    root_fs: f32,
    vw: f32,
    vh: f32,
) -> Vec<DeferredCyclicInlineSize> {
    let candidates: Vec<(NodeId, usize, String)> = styles
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|(&id, style)| {
            [0usize, 2, 4].into_iter().filter_map(move |slot| {
                style.size_expressions[slot]
                    .as_ref()
                    .filter(|expression| expression.contains('%'))
                    .cloned()
                    .map(|expression| (id, slot, expression))
            })
        })
        .collect();
    let mut deferred = Vec::new();

    for (id, slot, expression) in candidates {
        // Start at the expression's containing-box chain, not the sized
        // node itself. A percentage-sized direct child of a nested flex
        // container makes that container's contribution cyclic when the
        // container is itself an item in an outer flex row.
        let mut candidate = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
        let mut flex_item = None;
        while let Some(item) = candidate {
            let mut parent = tree.get_node(item).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            while let Some(parent_id) = parent {
                let Some(parent_style) = styles.get(&parent_id) else {
                    break;
                };
                if parent_style.display_contents {
                    parent = tree.get_node(parent_id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
                    continue;
                }
                let row_flex = parent_style.display == crate::Display::Flex
                    && !parent_style.internal_flex_container
                    && !matches!(
                        parent_style.flex_direction,
                        Some(
                            taffy::FlexDirection::Column
                                | taffy::FlexDirection::ColumnReverse
                        )
                    );
                let item_is_indefinite = styles.get(&item).map_or(false, |style| {
                    (!matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Px(_))
                        || style.size_expressions[0]
                            .as_deref()
                            .is_some_and(|expression| expression.contains('%')))
                        && style.float.is_none()
                        && !matches!(
                            style.position,
                            Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)
                        )
                });
                if row_flex && item_is_indefinite {
                    flex_item = Some(item);
                }
                break;
            }
            if flex_item.is_some() {
                break;
            }
            candidate = tree.get_node(item).and_then(|node| node.parent);
        }
        let Some(flex_item) = flex_item else {
            continue;
        };

        let em = styles
            .get(&id)
            .and_then(|style| style.font_size)
            .unwrap_or(root_fs);
        let Some(intrinsic) =
            crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(&expression, em, root_fs, vw, vh, 0.0)
        else {
            continue;
        };
        if let Some(style) = styles.get_mut(&id) {
            let intrinsic = crate::Dimension::Px(intrinsic.max(0.0));
            match slot {
                0 => style.width = intrinsic,
                2 => style.min_width = intrinsic,
                // A cyclic percentage max-size behaves as its initial value
                // during intrinsic contribution sizing; treating 50% as a
                // zero maximum would erase real text/content minimums.
                4 => style.max_width = crate::Dimension::Auto,
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }
        deferred.push(DeferredCyclicInlineSize { node: id, flex_item, slot });
    }

    deferred
}

fn resolve_deferred_flex_inline_sizes(
    tree: &DomTree,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    styles: &mut HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    deferred: &[DeferredCyclicInlineSize],
    root_fs: f32,
    vw: f32,
    vh: f32,
) -> bool {
    if deferred.is_empty() {
        return false;
    }
    let taffy_by_dom: HashMap<NodeId, taffy::NodeId> =
        id_map.iter().map(|(&taffy, &dom)| (dom, taffy)).collect();

    // This is the final-reflow boundary: preserve the main size selected by
    // the outer flex algorithm while descendants are resolved against it.
    let flex_items: HashSet<NodeId> = deferred.iter().map(|entry| entry.flex_item).collect();
    for flex_item in flex_items {
        let Some(&taffy_id) = taffy_by_dom.get(&flex_item) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(taffy_id) else {
            continue;
        };
        let Some(style) = styles.get(&flex_item) else {
            continue;
        };
        let horizontal_edges =
            style.padding.left + style.padding.right + style.border.left + style.border.right;
        let used_declaration = if style.box_sizing == crate::BoxSizing::ContentBox {
            (layout.size.width - horizontal_edges).max(0.0)
        } else {
            layout.size.width
        };
        if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(taffy_id) {
            let mut fixed = current.clone();
            fixed.size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(used_declaration);
            let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(taffy_id, fixed);
        }
    }

    for entry in deferred {
        let Some(expression) = styles
            .get(&entry.node)
            .and_then(|style| style.size_expressions[entry.slot].clone())
        else {
            continue;
        };
        let mut containing = tree.get_node(entry.node).and_then(|node| node.parent);
        let basis = loop {
            let Some(parent) = containing else {
                break None;
            };
            let parent_style = styles.get(&parent);
            if parent_style.is_some_and(|style| style.display_contents) {
                containing = tree.get_node(parent).and_then(|node| node.parent);
                continue;
            }
            let Some(&taffy_id) = taffy_by_dom.get(&parent) else {
                containing = tree.get_node(parent).and_then(|node| node.parent);
                continue;
            };
            let Ok(layout) = taffy_tree.layout(taffy_id) else {
                break None;
            };
            let edges = parent_style.map_or(0.0, |style| {
                style.padding.left + style.padding.right + style.border.left + style.border.right
            });
            break Some((layout.size.width - edges).max(0.0));
        };
        let Some(basis) = basis else {
            continue;
        };
        let em = styles
            .get(&entry.node)
            .and_then(|style| style.font_size)
            .unwrap_or(root_fs);
        let Some(value) =
            crate::style::resolve_contextual_length(&expression, em, root_fs, vw, vh, basis)
        else {
            continue;
        };
        let value = value.max(0.0);
        if let Some(style) = styles.get_mut(&entry.node) {
            let value = crate::Dimension::Px(value);
            match entry.slot {
                0 => style.width = value,
                2 => style.min_width = value,
                4 => style.max_width = value,
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
        }
        let Some(&taffy_id) = taffy_by_dom.get(&entry.node) else {
            continue;
        };
        if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(taffy_id) {
            let mut resolved = current.clone();
            match entry.slot {
                0 => resolved.size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(value),
                2 => resolved.min_size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(value),
                4 => resolved.max_size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(value),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            }
            let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(taffy_id, resolved);
        }
    }
    true
}

fn build(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    engine: &mut crate::inline::TextEngine,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Option<taffy::NodeId> {
    let node = tree.get_node(id)?;
    let _name = node.as_element()?;
    let style = styles.get(&id)?;
    if style.display == crate::Display::None {
        return None;
    }

    // Real table layout: a <table> becomes a CSS grid so columns negotiate
    // across rows (the flex approximation could not) and colspan/rowspan map to
    // grid spans. Falls through to the generic path only if the table has no
    // usable rows/cells.
    if _name.local.as_ref() == "table" {
        if let Some(node) = build_table(tree, id, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles) {
            return Some(node);
        }
    }

    let mut taffy_style = to_taffy_style(style);
    apply_container_size_containment(tree, id, style, styles, &mut taffy_style);

    // A non-stretched flex item in a column flex container uses fit-content
    // for its auto inline size. In a nested flex layout taffy can retain the
    // item's earlier max-content measurement after the outer row shrinks its
    // column, so direct prose stays one enormous line instead of being
    // remeasured at the final column width (MDN's contributor quote).
    //
    // Taffy has no fit-content box-size value. For the narrow text-container
    // case, a synthetic percentage max has the same final effect: it is
    // indefinite during intrinsic measurement, then caps the item to its
    // containing block once that width is known. The automatic min-content
    // size still wins for an unbreakable word, preserving intentional
    // overflow. Keep the workaround away from replaced/atomic boxes and
    // authored sizing constraints.
    if needs_column_flex_text_fit_content_cap(tree, id, style, styles) {
        taffy_style.max_size.width = taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0);
    }

    // A grid item's automatic minimum size is clamped by a definite
    // max-width. Taffy's intrinsic track pass cannot resolve a percentage max
    // until the track exists, so `max-width:100%` otherwise participates with
    // its full max-content minimum and circularly expands an implicit auto
    // track (a row of fixed gallery columns widened Tailwind's 1200px content
    // track to 1528px). Let the authored percentage remain relative to the
    // final grid area, but remove that circular automatic minimum. Do not
    // eagerly turn the percentage into viewport pixels: a grid area may be
    // narrower than its container because of gutters.
    if matches!(style.max_width, crate::Dimension::Percent(_))
        && matches!(style.min_width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
    {
        let mut parent = node.parent;
        let grid_item = loop {
            let Some(parent_id) = parent else { break false };
            let Some(parent_style) = styles.get(&parent_id) else {
                break false;
            };
            if parent_style.display_contents {
                parent = tree.get_node(parent_id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
                continue;
            }
            break parent_style.display == crate::Display::Grid;
        };
        if grid_item {
            taffy_style.min_size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(0.0);
        }
    }

    // A forced break that reaches the general box builder sits between block
    // or atomic siblings, so it cannot be folded into a shaped inline run.
    // Give that sentinel the inherited used line-height instead of the UA
    // style's zero placeholder. This is the block/flex analogue of BRFrame's
    // empty-line contribution; break tags inside text and mixed block runs
    // are handled by the inline collector below.
    if _name.local.as_ref() == "br" {
        let height = crate::inline::used_line_height(style).max(0.0);
        taffy_style.size.height = taffy::style::Dimension::length(height);
        let leaf = taffy_tree.new_leaf(taffy_style).ok()?;
        id_map.insert(leaf, id);
        return Some(leaf);
    }

    // CSS has separate outer and inner display types, while taffy exposes one
    // display value. An inline-block normally needs our wrapping inline
    // approximation so it remains atomic in an inline formatting context.
    // As a direct flex/grid item, however, its outer display is blockified and
    // its flow-root inner display must stack block children. Apply the block
    // inner mode only in that formatting context; doing it globally turns
    // inline-block lists into one full-width item per line.
    if style.is_inline_block {
        let mut parent = node.parent;
        let flex_or_grid_item = loop {
            let Some(parent_id) = parent else { break false };
            let Some(parent_style) = styles.get(&parent_id) else { break false };
            if parent_style.display_contents {
                parent = tree.get_node(parent_id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
                continue;
            }
            break matches!(
                parent_style.display,
                crate::Display::Flex | crate::Display::Grid
            ) && !parent_style.internal_flex_container;
        };
        if flex_or_grid_item {
            taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Block;
            taffy_style.flex_wrap = taffy::FlexWrap::NoWrap;
        } else if style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto {
            // An auto-width inline-block shrink-fits to its max-content width
            // when that fits the available line. Taffy's wrapping flex
            // approximation otherwise chooses a min-content width first,
            // turning ordinary two-word buttons into two-line controls. Keep
            // wrapping for explicitly constrained inline-blocks and for ones
            // with real in-flow block children; those need their inner block
            // formatting rather than a single max-content line.
            let has_in_flow_block_child = tree.children(id).iter().any(|child| {
                styles
                    .get(child)
                    .map_or(false, is_in_flow_block_level)
            });
            if !has_in_flow_block_child {
                taffy_style.flex_wrap = taffy::FlexWrap::NoWrap;
            }
        }
    }

    // An inline SVG is an atomic replaced box in the surrounding formatting
    // context. Its descendants paint inside its SVG viewport; they must not
    // become CSS layout children. In particular, a viewBox supplies an
    // intrinsic ratio whose auto axis is transferred from a percentage-sized
    // definite axis during the grid's final pass. Treating the SVG as a normal
    // empty container makes its intrinsic contribution zero during grid track
    // sizing, collapsing responsive logo walls to zero-height rows.
    if _name.local.as_ref() == "svg" {
        if let Some(ratio) = style.aspect_ratio.filter(|ratio| ratio.is_finite() && *ratio > 0.0)
        {
            // A percentage inline size inside an auto grid track is cyclic
            // during intrinsic sizing: it behaves as auto for the contribution
            // pass, then fills the final track. Taffy 0.12 keeps the intrinsic
            // fallback width instead of revisiting that percentage. Express
            // the final fill as grid self-stretch so the known content width
            // reaches the replaced-item measure callback.
            if matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Percent(_))
                && matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto)
            {
                taffy_style.size.width = taffy::Dimension::auto();
                taffy_style.min_size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(0.0);
                taffy_style.justify_self = Some(taffy::AlignSelf::STRETCH);
            }
            // A viewBox supplies a ratio but no intrinsic dimensions. The
            // 300px default inline size is CSS Images' default object size;
            // the ratio supplies the corresponding block size. Definite CSS
            // axes still arrive through `known` and override this fallback.
            let width = 300.0;
            let height = width / ratio;
            let context = engine.register_replaced(width, height, style);
            let leaf = taffy_tree
                .new_leaf_with_context(taffy_style, context)
                .ok()?;
            id_map.insert(leaf, id);
            return Some(leaf);
        }
    }

    // A replaced image is a measured leaf, even when CSS gives it a percentage
    // width. Its intrinsic dimensions participate in an auto-sized ancestor's
    // max-content measurement; once the percentage axis becomes definite, the
    // measure callback derives the other axis through the intrinsic ratio.
    if _name.local.as_ref() == "img" {
        if let Some((width, height)) = style.intrinsic_size {
            let intrinsic_ratio =
                if width.is_finite() && height.is_finite() && width > 0.0 && height > 0.0 {
                    width / height
                } else {
                    1.0
                };
            let preferred_ratio = style
                .aspect_ratio
                .filter(|ratio| ratio.is_finite() && *ratio > 0.0)
                .unwrap_or(intrinsic_ratio);

            // Taffy has one preferred-size field but CSS intrinsic sizing has
            // separate preferred and min-content contributions. For a proper
            // replaced element with a percentage maximum, encode the
            // equivalent min(preferred-width, percentage-max) function by
            // swapping the two operands: the percentage is indefinite during
            // intrinsic contribution sizing and resolves in final layout,
            // while the fixed maximum retains the replaced box's preferred
            // width. This applies to authored sizes and intrinsic auto sizes
            // alike; it is not tied to HTML width attributes.
            if let crate::Dimension::Percent(maximum) = style.max_width {
                let preferred_width = match style.width {
                    crate::Dimension::Px(width) => Some(width),
                    crate::Dimension::Auto => match style.height {
                        crate::Dimension::Px(height) => Some(height * preferred_ratio),
                        _ => Some(
                            crate::inline::constrained_auto_replaced_size(
                                width, height, style,
                            )
                            .width,
                        ),
                    },
                    _ => None,
                };
                if let Some(preferred_width) = preferred_width {
                    taffy_style.size.width = taffy::Dimension::percent(maximum);
                    taffy_style.max_size.width =
                        taffy::Dimension::length(preferred_width.max(0.0));
                }
            }

            // When both preferred axes are auto and all min/max constraints
            // are definite, resolve CSS2's ratio-preserving constraint table
            // before handing the leaf to taffy. Otherwise taffy's block
            // stretch supplies a containing-block width as a known dimension
            // and independently clamps the height, distorting the ratio.
            let has_definite_constraint = [
                style.min_width,
                style.min_height,
                style.max_width,
                style.max_height,
            ]
            .into_iter()
            .any(|dimension| matches!(dimension, crate::Dimension::Px(_)));
            let has_percentage_constraint = [
                style.min_width,
                style.min_height,
                style.max_width,
                style.max_height,
            ]
            .into_iter()
            .any(|dimension| matches!(dimension, crate::Dimension::Percent(_)))
                || style.size_expressions[2..=5]
                    .iter()
                    .flatten()
                    .any(|expression| expression.contains('%'));
            if matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                && matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                && has_definite_constraint
                && !has_percentage_constraint
            {
                let constrained =
                    crate::inline::constrained_auto_replaced_size(width, height, style);
                taffy_style.size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(constrained.width);
                taffy_style.size.height = taffy::Dimension::length(constrained.height);
            }

            // When an auto axis has a definite min/max constraint, the
            // measured replaced leaf must own intrinsic-ratio transfer so it
            // can clamp the derived size. Leaving the same ratio on taffy's
            // style lets taffy synthesize that axis before measurement and
            // bypass the constraint (width:100%; height:auto;
            // max-height:200px became the uncapped intrinsic height).
            //
            // Keep taffy's ratio in the unconstrained case: percentage-sized
            // images in auto wrappers can be measured at intrinsic size before
            // their percentage width becomes definite, and taffy then needs
            // the ratio to transfer that final width to height.
            let measured_axis_constraint =
                (!matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && matches!(
                        (style.min_width, style.max_width),
                        (crate::Dimension::Px(_), _) | (_, crate::Dimension::Px(_))
                    ))
                    || (!matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                        && matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                        && matches!(
                            (style.min_height, style.max_height),
                            (crate::Dimension::Px(_), _) | (_, crate::Dimension::Px(_))
                        ));
            if measured_axis_constraint {
                taffy_style.aspect_ratio = None;
            }
            let context = engine.register_replaced(width, height, style);
            let leaf = taffy_tree.new_leaf_with_context(taffy_style, context).ok()?;
            id_map.insert(leaf, id);
            return Some(leaf);
        }
    }

    // If this container is a pure-text inline formatting context, collapse its
    // whole subtree to one leaf shaped and line-broken by cosmic-text (real
    // text layout), sized on demand by the measure function. This is the fast,
    // correct path for paragraphs/headings/labels/cells of text; the flex-wrap
    // approximation below only handles the leftovers (mixed inline + atomic
    // boxes, and layout-only builds where `try_build` always declines).
    if let Some(item) = engine.try_build(tree, id, styles) {
        if style.display == crate::Display::Block && style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto {
            // A pure-text block is still a fill-available block. Its shaped
            // inline context performs text alignment internally; retaining
            // the flex alignment stand-in here shrink-wraps the leaf to its
            // text, leaving no free width in which center/end can move it.
            taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Block;
        }
        let leaf = taffy_tree.new_leaf_with_context(taffy_style, item).ok()?;
        id_map.insert(leaf, id);
        ifc_items.whole.insert(id, item);
        return Some(leaf);
    }

    // Taffy has no real inline formatting context: its native Block layout
    // treats every direct child as its own full-width block box, stacked
    // vertically. That is correct when a block's children are other block
    // elements (a div full of divs), but wrong the moment a block holds
    // inline-level content (running text with <a>/<span>/<b> mixed in, i.e.
    // any ordinary paragraph or list item), where real CSS instead lays
    // consecutive inline boxes out left-to-right, wrapping at the container's
    // width. Approximate that inline formatting context by promoting such
    // blocks to a wrapping flex row, so text and inline elements actually
    // flow together on shared lines instead of each getting its own row.
    //
    // The same fix applies to `<td>`/`<th>` (and any other UA default that
    // stacks its children in a flex column rather than taffy's Block mode):
    // without it, a text node's per-word leaves (see `build_text_words`)
    // become direct children of a column-direction flex container and each
    // word lands on its own line, one word per row, instead of wrapping
    // several words per line the way inline text actually flows.
    let stacks_children_vertically = style.display == crate::Display::Block
        || (style.display == crate::Display::Flex
            && style.flex_direction == Some(taffy::FlexDirection::Column));
    let has_inline_ish_content = has_inline_content(tree, id, styles)
        || has_in_flow_generated_pseudo(style.before_pseudo.as_deref())
        || has_in_flow_generated_pseudo(style.after_pseudo.as_deref());

    let mut dom_children = tree.children(id);
    // A boxless inline wrapper is transparent to our approximated box tree.
    // Flatten it before deciding whether this block has mixed inline/block
    // content, not only later while building children. Otherwise
    // `<pre><code><span style="display:block">…` looks like one inline child
    // during classification, is promoted to a flex row, and only then exposes
    // the block spans—too late, so every line lands side by side. Real engines
    // split the inline around those blocks and make the blocks siblings in the
    // containing block formatting context.
    if style.display == crate::Display::Block || style.internal_flex_container {
        let mut flattened = Vec::new();
        flatten_boxless_inline_children(tree, &dom_children, styles, &mut flattened);
        dom_children = flattened;
    }
    let internal_mixed_block_flow = style.internal_flex_container
        && dom_children.iter().any(|cid| {
            styles.get(cid).map_or(false, is_in_flow_block_level)
        });
    // In flex and grid formatting contexts, collapsible whitespace-only text
    // between items does not generate an anonymous item. Taffy places each
    // stray whitespace leaf in the item sequence, shifting every real child.
    // This is especially visible in pretty-printed HTML: indentation before a
    // flex child becomes several pixels of unexplained leading space.
    //
    // Flatten display:contents first because its children participate as direct
    // flex/grid items. Otherwise formatting whitespace inside the transparent
    // wrapper would survive this filter and become an item in `build_any`.
    if matches!(style.display, crate::Display::Flex | crate::Display::Grid)
        && !internal_mixed_block_flow
    {
        let mut flat = Vec::new();
        flatten_contents_children(tree, &dom_children, styles, &mut flat);
        dom_children = flat;
        dom_children.retain(|&cid| {
            tree.get_node(cid).map_or(false, |n| n.is_element()) || !tree.text_content(cid).trim().is_empty()
        });
        // Flex and grid placement consume the order-modified document order.
        // Rust's stable sort preserves source order for equal values, exactly
        // the CSS tie-break. Taffy has no CSS `order` style field, so feeding
        // it the correctly ordered item sequence is the missing translation.
        dom_children.sort_by_key(|cid| styles.get(cid).map(|style| style.order).unwrap_or(0));
    } else if style.display == crate::Display::Block {
        // Formatting whitespace between block lines does not generate an
        // inline line box. Keeping a zero-height taffy leaf here still breaks
        // sibling margin adjacency, turning `margin-bottom:30px` followed by
        // `margin-top:40px` into 70px instead of the collapsed 40px. Preserve
        // whitespace only when this parent actually has inline content, where
        // the inter-element space belongs to the inline formatting context.
        if !has_inline_ish_content {
            dom_children.retain(|&cid| {
                tree.get_node(cid).map_or(false, |node| node.is_element())
                    || !tree.text_content(cid).trim().is_empty()
            });
        }
        // A float nested directly in a transparent inline wrapper (the common
        // `<a><img style="float:left"></a>` logo pattern) belongs to the
        // ancestor block formatting context. Gecko reparents that out-of-flow
        // frame to the BFC and leaves only a placeholder in the inline. Expose
        // the same item to our float-band builder instead of charging the
        // wrapper a full normal-flow row.
        for child in &mut dom_children {
            if let Some(float) = inline_wrapper_float(tree, *child, styles) {
                *child = float;
            }
        }
    }
    // Main-axis auto margins absorb positive free space before
    // `justify-content` is applied. Taffy 0.12 currently applies both: it
    // end-justifies the items and then adds the auto-margin space again,
    // placing later controls far outside the container (MDN's theme/language
    // controls landed beyond x=2100). Neutralize justify-content whenever an
    // in-flow flex item owns a main-axis auto margin; taffy then performs the
    // auto-margin distribution correctly.
    if style.display == crate::Display::Flex {
        let column = matches!(
            style.flex_direction,
            Some(taffy::FlexDirection::Column | taffy::FlexDirection::ColumnReverse)
        );
        let has_main_auto_margin = dom_children.iter().any(|cid| {
            styles.get(cid).map_or(false, |child| {
                if column {
                    child.margin_auto[0] || child.margin_auto[2]
                } else {
                    child.margin_auto[1] || child.margin_auto[3]
                }
            })
        });
        if has_main_auto_margin {
            taffy_style.justify_content = Some(taffy::JustifyContent::FLEX_START);
        }
    }
    // `float` has no effect on a flex or grid item. Legacy stylesheets often
    // leave floats on children after a newer rule turns their parent into a
    // flex container; routing those children through the block float-zone
    // approximation corrupts flex sizing and percentage-margin placement.
    let has_float_child = style.display == crate::Display::Block
        && dom_children.iter().any(|&cid| styles.get(&cid).map(|s| s.float.is_some()).unwrap_or(false));
    let native_float_band =
        has_float_child && can_use_native_float_band(tree, style, &dom_children, styles);
    let has_in_flow_block_child = dom_children.iter().any(|cid| {
            styles.get(cid).map_or(false, is_in_flow_block_level)
        });
    let is_native_table_cell = node.as_element().map_or(false, |element| {
        matches!(element.local.as_ref(), "td" | "th")
            && style.internal_flex_container
    });

    // `text-align` affects inline content, never the used width or placement
    // of an in-flow block child. `to_taffy_style` promotes a centered/right
    // block to a flex column as an inline-alignment stand-in; retaining that
    // promotion when the container has real block children makes every auto
    // width child shrink to max-content. That turns full-width paragraphs,
    // responsive picture wrappers, and rows of inline-block buttons into
    // narrow columns that wrap even though their containing block has room.
    //
    // Keep the legacy `<center>` behavior: unlike CSS text-align, that element
    // historically centers block descendants as well.
    if style.display == crate::Display::Block
        && has_in_flow_block_child
        && !style.legacy_center
    {
        taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Block;
    }

    // A block with mixed inline + block children keeps real block layout:
    // block-level children become direct block children (full available
    // width, exactly what CSS block layout gives them), while each maximal
    // run of consecutive inline-level siblings is wrapped in one anonymous
    // block-level box that carries the inline formatting context. This is
    // how real engines structure mixed content, and it replaces the old
    // whole-container flex-row-wrap promotion, which collapsed contentless
    // block children (e.g. a `position:relative` hero wrapper whose only
    // child is out-of-flow) to width 0 and let text and blocks share lines.
    // Floats still take the legacy zone path below.
    if (style.display == crate::Display::Block
        || (is_native_table_cell && has_in_flow_block_child))
        && has_inline_ish_content
        && !has_float_child
    {
        return build_mixed_block(tree, id, style, taffy_style, &dom_children, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles);
    }

    if stacks_children_vertically
        && has_inline_ish_content
        && !native_float_band
        && !(has_float_child && has_in_flow_block_child)
    {
        taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Flex;
        taffy_style.flex_direction = taffy::FlexDirection::Row;
        taffy_style.flex_wrap = taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap;

        // The promoted container's main axis is horizontal, so text alignment
        // belongs on `justify_content`. Real `justify-content` from actual CSS
        // wins if present.
        if style.justify_content.is_none() {
            taffy_style.justify_content = match style.text_align {
                Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_END) => Some(taffy::JustifyContent::FLEX_END),
                Some(taffy::AlignItems::CENTER) => Some(taffy::JustifyContent::CENTER),
                _ => taffy_style.justify_content,
            };
        }
        taffy_style.align_items = Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START);
    }

    if native_float_band {
        // Native float placement is only selected for the guarded flat-band
        // shape. It requires a real block formatting context on the parent.
        taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Block;
    }

    let mut child_ids: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = if native_float_band {
        build_children_with_native_float_band(
            tree,
            id,
            style,
            &dom_children,
            taffy_tree,
            id_map,
            words,
            engine,
            ifc_items,
            styles,
        )
    } else if has_float_child {
        build_children_with_float_zone(tree, id, &dom_children, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles)
    } else if matches!(style.display, crate::Display::Flex | crate::Display::Grid)
        && !style.internal_flex_container
    {
        build_flex_grid_children(
            tree,
            id,
            &dom_children,
            taffy_tree,
            id_map,
            words,
            engine,
            ifc_items,
            styles,
        )
    } else {
        dom_children.into_iter().flat_map(|cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles)).collect()
    };
    if !native_float_band {
        if let Some((mut before, _)) = build_in_flow_pseudo(
            id,
            GeneratedBoxKind::Before,
            style.before_pseudo.as_deref(),
            taffy_tree,
            words,
            ifc_items,
        ) {
            before.append(&mut child_ids);
            child_ids = before;
        }
        if let Some((mut after, _)) = build_in_flow_pseudo(
            id,
            GeneratedBoxKind::After,
            style.after_pseudo.as_deref(),
            taffy_tree,
            words,
            ifc_items,
        ) {
            child_ids.append(&mut after);
        }
    }

    if style.internal_flex_container
        && taffy_style.display == taffy::style::Display::Flex
        && taffy_style.flex_direction == taffy::FlexDirection::Column
    {
        // Table cells and the other native block-layout stand-ins are not
        // genuine CSS flex containers. Their block children neither flex-shrink
        // to an authored container height nor shrink-wrap along the inline
        // axis. Preserving the children's block sizes is particularly
        // important for table cells, where `height` is only a row minimum and
        // taller content must grow the row.
        for child in &child_ids {
            let fills_inline_axis = id_map
                .get(child)
                .and_then(|dom_id| styles.get(dom_id))
                .map_or(false, |child_style| {
                    child_style.display == crate::Display::Block
                        && child_style.width == crate::Dimension::Auto
                        && child_style.float.is_none()
                        && !matches!(
                            child_style.position,
                            Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)
                        )
                });
            if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(*child) {
                let mut block_item = current.clone();
                block_item.flex_shrink = 0.0;
                if fills_inline_axis {
                    block_item.size.width = taffy::style::Dimension::percent(1.0);
                }
                let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(*child, block_item);
            }
        }
    }

    let multicol_count = style
        .column_count
        .filter(|count| *count > 1)
        .map(usize::from);
    // Box-level balancing is sound only when every generated direct box is an
    // authored atomic fragment. Ordinary prose needs line-level fragmentation;
    // pretending its paragraph boxes are columns would be worse than the
    // current single-column fallback. This gate intentionally makes
    // `break-inside:avoid` the capability boundary until inline fragment
    // continuations exist.
    let atomic_multicol_children = !child_ids.is_empty()
        && child_ids.iter().all(|child| {
            id_map
                .get(child)
                .and_then(|dom_id| styles.get(dom_id))
                .map_or(false, |child_style| {
                    child_style.break_inside_avoid
                        && child_style.float.is_none()
                        && !matches!(
                            child_style.position,
                            Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)
                        )
                })
        });
    let taffy_id = if let Some(column_count) =
        multicol_count.filter(|_| atomic_multicol_children)
    {
        // A multicol container keeps its ordinary outer/block box, but its
        // inner formatting context is a horizontal sequence of equal-width
        // fragmentainers. Taffy does not expose CSS fragmentation, so build
        // those fragmentainers explicitly. The first preliminary layout puts
        // every child in column one, which measures each subtree at the exact
        // final column width. `apply_multicol_balance` then performs the
        // bounded Gecko-style feasible-height search and reparents the
        // already measured boxes before the final layout.
        taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Flex;
        taffy_style.flex_direction = taffy::FlexDirection::Row;
        taffy_style.flex_wrap = taffy::FlexWrap::NoWrap;
        if style.column_gap.is_none() {
            taffy_style.gap.width =
                taffy::style::LengthPercentage::length(style.font_size.unwrap_or(16.0));
        }
        let column_style = taffy::Style {
            display: taffy::style::Display::Block,
            flex_grow: 1.0,
            flex_shrink: 1.0,
            flex_basis: taffy::style::Dimension::length(0.0),
            min_size: taffy::Size {
                width: taffy::style::Dimension::length(0.0),
                height: taffy::style::Dimension::auto(),
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };
        let mut columns = Vec::with_capacity(column_count);
        columns.push(
            taffy_tree
                .new_with_children(column_style.clone(), &child_ids)
                .ok()?,
        );
        for _ in 1..column_count {
            columns.push(taffy_tree.new_leaf(column_style.clone()).ok()?);
        }
        let multicol =
            taffy_tree.new_with_children(taffy_style, &columns).ok()?;
        ifc_items.multicol.push(MulticolBuild {
            columns,
            children: child_ids,
        });
        multicol
    } else if child_ids.is_empty() {
        taffy_tree.new_leaf(taffy_style).ok()?
    } else {
        taffy_tree.new_with_children(taffy_style, &child_ids).ok()?
    };
    id_map.insert(taffy_id, id);
    Some(taffy_id)
}

fn inline_wrapper_float(
    tree: &DomTree,
    wrapper: NodeId,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Option<NodeId> {
    let wrapper_style = styles.get(&wrapper)?;
    if wrapper_style.display != crate::Display::Inline
        || wrapper_style.margin != crate::Edges::default()
        || wrapper_style.padding != crate::Edges::default()
        || wrapper_style
            .padding_percent
            .iter()
            .any(|value| value.is_some())
        || wrapper_style.border != crate::Edges::default()
        || wrapper_style.before_pseudo.is_some()
        || wrapper_style.after_pseudo.is_some()
    {
        return None;
    }
    let visible: Vec<NodeId> = tree
        .children(wrapper)
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|&child| {
            let Some(node) = tree.get_node(child) else { return false };
            if !node.is_element() {
                return !tree.text_content(child).trim().is_empty();
            }
            styles
                .get(&child)
                .map(|style| style.display != crate::Display::None)
                .unwrap_or(false)
        })
        .collect();
    let [child] = visible.as_slice() else { return None };
    styles.get(child).and_then(|style| style.float).map(|_| *child)
}

/// Build a block container whose children mix inline-level and block-level
/// content, preserving real block layout for the block children.
///
/// Structure produced (mirroring how CSS block containers actually work):
/// - block-level in-flow children stay direct children of the (taffy Block)
///   parent, so an auto width fills the containing block even when the child
///   has no in-flow content of its own;
/// - each maximal run of consecutive inline-level siblings becomes ONE
///   anonymous block-level box carrying the inline formatting context. A run
///   of pure text and foldable inline wrappers collapses to a single shaped
///   cosmic-text leaf (one taffy node for the whole run instead of one per
///   word: faster and lighter than the old whole-container promotion). Runs
///   holding atomic inline boxes (img, inline-block, ...) fall back to an
///   anonymous flex-wrap wrapper around the run's boxes;
/// - out-of-flow (absolutely positioned) children neither join nor break a
///   run; they are appended after the flow children so their containing
///   block is this parent, whose used width they resolve percentages against.
#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn build_mixed_block(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    mut taffy_style: taffy::Style,
    dom_children: &[NodeId],
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    engine: &mut crate::inline::TextEngine,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Option<taffy::NodeId> {
    // The parent is a genuine block container. `to_taffy_style` may have
    // promoted it to a flex column for `text-align` (taffy block layout has
    // no align-items); undo that: text-align moves line content, never
    // block children, so it is applied to the runs below instead.
    taffy_style.display = taffy::style::Display::Block;

    // Splice display:contents children and drop nothing else, so runs
    // partition over the child list exactly as CSS sees it.
    let mut flat: Vec<NodeId> = Vec::new();
    flatten_contents_children(tree, dom_children, styles, &mut flat);

    enum Seg {
        Run(Vec<NodeId>),
        Block(NodeId),
    }
    let mut segs: Vec<Seg> = Vec::new();
    let mut out_of_flow: Vec<NodeId> = Vec::new();
    for &cid in &flat {
        let Some(node) = tree.get_node(cid) else { continue };
        let is_text = matches!(node.data, obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { .. });
        // Comments, doctypes, and other non-rendered DOM nodes generate no CSS
        // box and cannot interrupt an inline formatting context. Hydrating
        // frameworks place marker comments between adjacent inline controls;
        // treating each marker as a block segment split one button row into
        // multiple anonymous block wrappers.
        if !is_text && !node.is_element() {
            continue;
        }
        let inline_level = if is_text {
            true
        } else if let Some(s) = styles.get(&cid) {
            if s.display == crate::Display::None {
                continue;
            }
            if matches!(s.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)) {
                out_of_flow.push(cid);
                continue;
            }
            let is_forced_break = node
                .as_element()
                .map_or(false, |element| element.local.as_ref() == "br");
            is_forced_break || crate::is_inline_level_box(s)
        } else {
            false
        };
        if inline_level {
            match segs.last_mut() {
                Some(Seg::Run(run)) => run.push(cid),
                _ => segs.push(Seg::Run(vec![cid])),
            }
        } else {
            segs.push(Seg::Block(cid));
        }
    }

    // Inline pseudos join the first/last inline run. A block-level pseudo is
    // a real direct child of this block and therefore sits outside the
    // anonymous run wrappers, exactly like an authored block child.
    let before = build_in_flow_pseudo(
        id,
        GeneratedBoxKind::Before,
        style.before_pseudo.as_deref(),
        taffy_tree,
        words,
        ifc_items,
    );
    let after = build_in_flow_pseudo(
        id,
        GeneratedBoxKind::After,
        style.after_pseudo.as_deref(),
        taffy_tree,
        words,
        ifc_items,
    );
    let (before_leaves, before_block) = before.unwrap_or_else(|| (Vec::new(), false));
    let (after_leaves, after_block) = after.unwrap_or_else(|| (Vec::new(), false));
    let mut before_pending = !before_block && !before_leaves.is_empty();
    let mut after_pending = !after_block && !after_leaves.is_empty();

    let n_segs = segs.len();
    let mut child_ids: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = Vec::new();
    if before_block {
        child_ids.extend(before_leaves.iter().copied());
    }
    for (i, seg) in segs.into_iter().enumerate() {
        match seg {
            Seg::Block(cid) => {
                let built =
                    build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles);
                if style.legacy_center {
                    let has_default_horizontal_margins = styles.get(&cid).map_or(false, |child| {
                        child.margin.left == 0.0
                            && child.margin.right == 0.0
                            && !child.margin_auto[1]
                            && !child.margin_auto[3]
                    });
                    if has_default_horizontal_margins {
                        for child in &built {
                            if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(*child) {
                                let mut centered = current.clone();
                                centered.margin.left =
                                    taffy::style::LengthPercentageAuto::auto();
                                centered.margin.right =
                                    taffy::style::LengthPercentageAuto::auto();
                                let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(*child, centered);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
                child_ids.extend(built);
            }
            Seg::Run(run) => {
                let has_text_strut = run.iter().any(|&cid| {
                    tree.get_node(cid).map_or(false, |node| {
                        matches!(
                            node.data,
                            obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { .. }
                        )
                    })
                });
                // Collapsible source formatting at the start/end of an inline
                // run does not create line width. Preserve whitespace between
                // inline siblings, but trim indentation adjacent to block
                // boundaries so pretty-printed markup starts at the line edge.
                let is_whitespace_text = |cid: NodeId| {
                    tree.get_node(cid).map_or(false, |node| {
                        matches!(node.data, obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { .. })
                            && tree.text_content(cid).trim().is_empty()
                    })
                };
                let start = run.iter().position(|&cid| !is_whitespace_text(cid)).unwrap_or(run.len());
                let end = run
                    .iter()
                    .rposition(|&cid| !is_whitespace_text(cid))
                    .map(|index| index + 1)
                    .unwrap_or(start);
                let run = &run[start..end];
                let join_before = before_pending && i == 0;
                let join_after = after_pending && i + 1 == n_segs;
                // Fast path: the whole run folds to one shaped leaf, unless
                // pseudo-content word leaves must share its lines.
                if !join_before && !join_after {
                    if let Some(item) = engine.try_build_run(tree, id, run, styles) {
                        let leaf = taffy_tree.new_leaf_with_context(run_leaf_style(), item).ok()?;
                        ifc_items.runs.entry(id).or_default().push(item);
                        child_ids.push(leaf);
                        continue;
                    }
                }
                let mut atoms: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = Vec::new();
                if join_before {
                    atoms.extend(before_leaves.iter().copied());
                    before_pending = false;
                }
                for &rc in run {
                    atoms.extend(build_any(tree, rc, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles));
                }
                if join_after {
                    atoms.extend(after_leaves.iter().copied());
                    after_pending = false;
                }
                if atoms.is_empty() {
                    // Whitespace-only run between blocks: no anonymous box.
                    continue;
                }
                let wrapper = taffy_tree
                    .new_with_children(
                        run_wrapper_style(style, has_text_strut),
                        &atoms,
                    )
                    .ok()?;
                child_ids.push(wrapper);
            }
        }
    }
    // Pseudo content that found no adjacent run to join.
    if before_pending {
        let wrapper = taffy_tree
            .new_with_children(run_wrapper_style(style, true), &before_leaves)
            .ok()?;
        child_ids.insert(0, wrapper);
    }
    if after_pending {
        let wrapper = taffy_tree
            .new_with_children(run_wrapper_style(style, true), &after_leaves)
            .ok()?;
        child_ids.push(wrapper);
    }
    if after_block {
        child_ids.extend(after_leaves.iter().copied());
    }
    for cid in out_of_flow {
        child_ids.extend(build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles));
    }

    let taffy_id = if child_ids.is_empty() {
        taffy_tree.new_leaf(taffy_style).ok()?
    } else {
        taffy_tree.new_with_children(taffy_style, &child_ids).ok()?
    };
    id_map.insert(taffy_id, id);
    Some(taffy_id)
}

fn needs_column_flex_text_fit_content_cap(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> bool {
    if style.display != crate::Display::Flex
        || style.internal_flex_container
        || style.is_inline_block
        || style.float.is_some()
        || matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
        || style.aspect_ratio.is_some()
        || !matches!(
            (style.width, style.min_width, style.max_width),
            (
                crate::Dimension::Auto,
                crate::Dimension::Auto,
                crate::Dimension::Auto
            )
        )
        || style.size_expressions[0].is_some()
        || style.size_expressions[2].is_some()
        || style.size_expressions[4].is_some()
        || style.padding.left != 0.0
        || style.padding.right != 0.0
        || style.padding_percent[1].is_some()
        || style.padding_percent[3].is_some()
        || style.border.left != 0.0
        || style.border.right != 0.0
        || style.margin.left != 0.0
        || style.margin.right != 0.0
        || style.margin_auto[1]
        || style.margin_auto[3]
        || style.margin_percent[1].is_some()
        || style.margin_percent[3].is_some()
        || style.margin_relative[1].is_some()
        || style.margin_relative[3].is_some()
        || style.margin_expressions[1].is_some()
        || style.margin_expressions[3].is_some()
    {
        return false;
    }

    let has_direct_text = tree.children(id).into_iter().any(|child| {
        tree.get_node(child).map_or(false, |node| {
            matches!(
                &node.data,
                obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { contents }
                    if !contents.trim().is_empty()
            )
        })
    });
    if !has_direct_text {
        return false;
    }

    let mut parent = tree.get_node(id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
    let parent_style = loop {
        let Some(parent_id) = parent else {
            return false;
        };
        let Some(parent_style) = styles.get(&parent_id) else {
            return false;
        };
        if parent_style.display_contents {
            parent = tree.get_node(parent_id).and_then(|node| node.parent);
            continue;
        }
        break parent_style;
    };
    if parent_style.display != crate::Display::Flex
        || parent_style.internal_flex_container
        || !matches!(
            parent_style.flex_direction,
            Some(taffy::FlexDirection::Column | taffy::FlexDirection::ColumnReverse)
        )
    {
        return false;
    }

    style
        .align_self
        .unwrap_or(parent_style.align_items.unwrap_or(taffy::AlignItems::STRETCH))
        != taffy::AlignSelf::STRETCH
}

/// Expand `display: contents` wrappers so their children partition into the
/// caller's segment list as if they were direct children (CSS Display 3).
fn flatten_contents_children(
    tree: &DomTree,
    children: &[NodeId],
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    out: &mut Vec<NodeId>,
) {
    for &cid in children {
        let splices = styles.get(&cid).map(|s| s.display_contents && s.display != crate::Display::None).unwrap_or(false);
        if splices {
            let kids = tree.children(cid);
            flatten_contents_children(tree, &kids, styles, out);
        } else {
            out.push(cid);
        }
    }
}

/// Does an inline contribute only in-flow block children?
///
/// Such an inline has empty before/after inline fragments once CSS performs
/// the block-in-inline split, so its block children can participate directly
/// in the containing block's segment construction. This is deliberately
/// narrower than a complete ib-split: mixed inline/block children still need
/// fragment boxes to preserve decorations. A relative inline with no offsets
/// is safe here provided it does not establish the containing block for an
/// absolutely positioned descendant.
fn inline_wraps_only_in_flow_blocks(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> bool {
    let Some(style) = styles.get(&id) else {
        return false;
    };
    if style.display != crate::Display::Inline
        || style.is_inline_block
        || style.before_pseudo.is_some()
        || style.after_pseudo.is_some()
        || style.float.is_some()
        || matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
        || (style.position.is_some()
            && (style.inset.iter().any(Option::is_some)
                || style.inset_expressions.iter().any(Option::is_some)))
    {
        return false;
    }

    let mut saw_block = false;
    for cid in tree.children(id) {
        let Some(node) = tree.get_node(cid) else {
            continue;
        };
        if let obscura_dom::tree::NodeData::Text { contents } = &node.data {
            if !contents.trim().is_empty() {
                return false;
            }
            continue;
        }
        if !node.is_element() {
            continue;
        }
        let Some(child) = styles.get(&cid) else {
            return false;
        };
        if child.display == crate::Display::None {
            continue;
        }
        if matches!(child.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute)) || child.float.is_some() {
            return false;
        }
        if child.display_contents {
            if !inline_wraps_only_in_flow_blocks(tree, cid, styles) {
                return false;
            }
            saw_block = true;
        } else if is_in_flow_block_level(child) {
            saw_block = true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }
    saw_block
}

/// Recursively splice `display:contents`, decoration-free inline wrappers, and
/// inline wrappers whose only generated flow content is block-level into a
/// block container's effective child list. Descendants already carry inherited
/// computed text styles, so removing these wrappers preserves shaping while
/// exposing block-in-inline descendants early enough for anonymous block
/// construction.
fn flatten_boxless_inline_children(
    tree: &DomTree,
    children: &[NodeId],
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    out: &mut Vec<NodeId>,
) {
    for &cid in children {
        let display_contents = styles
            .get(&cid)
            .map(|style| style.display_contents && style.display != crate::Display::None)
            .unwrap_or(false);
        if display_contents
            || is_flattenable_inline(tree, cid, styles)
            || inline_wraps_only_in_flow_blocks(tree, cid, styles)
        {
            let kids = tree.children(cid);
            flatten_boxless_inline_children(tree, &kids, styles, out);
        } else {
            out.push(cid);
        }
    }
}

/// Style for a single-leaf inline run: a block-level box that fills the
/// containing block's width, with height from the shaped text (measure fn).
fn run_leaf_style() -> taffy::Style {
    taffy::Style {
        size: taffy::Size { width: taffy::style::Dimension::percent(1.0), height: taffy::style::Dimension::auto() },
        ..Default::default()
    }
}

/// Style for an anonymous inline-run wrapper: a full-width block-level box
/// whose interior is the flex-wrap approximation of an inline formatting
/// context. The parent's `text-align` moves the run's line content via
/// justify-content, exactly as the old whole-container
/// promotion did, but scoped to the run so sibling blocks stay full width.
fn run_wrapper_style(
    parent: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    has_text_strut: bool,
) -> taffy::Style {
    let justify = match parent.text_align {
        Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_END) => Some(taffy::JustifyContent::FLEX_END),
        Some(taffy::AlignItems::CENTER) => Some(taffy::JustifyContent::CENTER),
        _ => None,
    };
    let line_height = if has_text_strut {
        crate::inline::used_line_height(parent).max(0.0)
    } else {
        0.0
    };
    taffy::Style {
        display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
        flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
        flex_wrap: taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap,
        align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
        justify_content: justify,
        size: taffy::Size { width: taffy::style::Dimension::percent(1.0), height: taffy::style::Dimension::auto() },
        // Every CSS line box starts with the parent's font/line-height strut,
        // even when its only atomic inline is shorter (or zero-sized).
        min_size: taffy::Size {
            width: taffy::style::Dimension::auto(),
            height: taffy::style::Dimension::length(line_height),
        },
        ..Default::default()
    }
}

/// Approximate `float: left|right` without real per-line reflow (which
/// taffy's block/flex/grid modes do not provide): place the float alongside
/// the flow siblings that follow it until their estimated height reaches the
/// float's estimated bottom, a matching `clear` is encountered, or another
/// float begins, then let everything from there on revert to normal full-width
/// flow.
///
/// This is not a general CSS float implementation (a float taller than its
/// estimated flow zone won't reflow correctly), but it directly targets the overwhelmingly
/// common real-world shape: a floated image or infobox near the top of an
/// article, sitting beside the intro text, with the rest of the content
/// running full width once normal flow passes the float.
/// Rough height budget for a float with no explicit size and no images
/// (an icon-only or empty float, rare in practice): enough for a couple of
/// lines of caption-sized text without being so generous it drags in a
/// whole section the way an unbounded zone did.
const DEFAULT_FLOAT_HEIGHT_ESTIMATE: f32 = 200.0;

/// Estimate a float's rendered height in CSS px, for bounding how many flow
/// siblings should wrap alongside it (see `build_children_with_float_zone`).
/// Real layout hasn't run yet at this point (we're still building the taffy
/// tree), so this can only approximate: prefer an explicit height on the
/// float itself, else sum the explicit heights of descendant `<img>`s (the
/// common `<figure><img height=".."><figcaption>` thumbnail shape) plus a
/// text-based estimate of the float's own content (the common tall-infobox
/// shape, where the height comes from many rows of text rather than a
/// single image).
fn estimate_float_height(tree: &DomTree, float_id: NodeId, styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>) -> f32 {
    if let Some(crate::Dimension::Px(h)) = styles.get(&float_id).map(|s| s.height) {
        return h;
    }
    let image_height: f32 = tree
        .descendants(float_id)
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|&id| {
            tree.get_node(id).and_then(|n| n.as_element().map(|e| e.local.to_string())).as_deref() == Some("img")
        })
        .filter_map(|id| match styles.get(&id).map(|s| s.height) {
            Some(crate::Dimension::Px(h)) => Some(h),
            _ => None,
        })
        .sum();
    const ASSUMED_FLOAT_WIDTH: f32 = 280.0;
    let text_height = estimate_text_height(tree, float_id, styles, ASSUMED_FLOAT_WIDTH);
    // Flattened character count misses forced rows. A sidebar list with twenty
    // short `<li>`s or an infobox table with many `<tr>`s is much taller than
    // the same text treated as one wrapping paragraph. Add one line for each
    // structural row; the continuous-text estimate still accounts for extra
    // wrapping within those rows.
    let structural_height: f32 = tree
        .descendants(float_id)
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|&id| {
            tree.get_node(id)
                .and_then(|node| node.as_element().map(|element| element.local.to_string()))
                .map(|local| {
                    matches!(
                        local.as_str(),
                        "li" | "tr" | "dt" | "dd" | "p" | "figcaption" | "h1" | "h2" | "h3" | "h4"
                            | "h5" | "h6"
                    )
                })
                .unwrap_or(false)
        })
        .map(|id| styles.get(&id).and_then(|style| style.font_size).unwrap_or(16.0) * 1.2)
        .sum();
    (image_height + text_height + structural_height).max(DEFAULT_FLOAT_HEIGHT_ESTIMATE)
}

/// Estimate how tall `id`'s text content would render at `assumed_width`,
/// using the same average-character-width heuristic as the layout-only
/// (non-`paint`) text sizing fallback. Used only to bound the float-wrapping
/// zone (see `build_children_with_float_zone`), where the real available
/// width is not yet known, so this is deliberately approximate.
fn estimate_text_height(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId, styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>, assumed_width: f32) -> f32 {
    let char_count = tree.text_content(id).chars().filter(|c| !c.is_whitespace()).count() as f32;
    if char_count == 0.0 {
        return 0.0;
    }
    let fsize = styles.get(&id).and_then(|s| s.font_size).unwrap_or(16.0);
    const AVG_CHAR_WIDTH_EM: f32 = 0.55;
    let chars_per_line = (assumed_width / (fsize * AVG_CHAR_WIDTH_EM)).max(1.0);
    let lines = (char_count / chars_per_line).ceil().max(1.0);
    lines * fsize * 1.2 + 16.0
}

/// Estimate the normal-flow height consumed by one sibling alongside a float.
/// Text alone is insufficient for image grids and fixed-height boxes, which
/// otherwise cost zero budget and remain squeezed beside a float long after
/// they should have passed its bottom.
fn estimate_flow_sibling_height(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
    assumed_width: f32,
) -> f32 {
    let style = styles.get(&id);
    if style.map(|style| style.display == crate::Display::None).unwrap_or(false)
        || style
            .and_then(|style| style.position)
            .map(|position| position == taffy::Position::Absolute)
            .unwrap_or(false)
    {
        return 0.0;
    }
    let explicit_height = match style.map(|style| style.height) {
        Some(crate::Dimension::Px(height)) => height.max(0.0),
        _ => 0.0,
    };
    let descendant_image_height: f32 = tree
        .descendants(id)
        .into_iter()
        .filter(|&descendant| {
            tree.get_node(descendant)
                .and_then(|node| node.as_element().map(|element| element.local.as_ref() == "img"))
                .unwrap_or(false)
        })
        .filter_map(|descendant| match styles.get(&descendant).map(|style| style.height) {
            Some(crate::Dimension::Px(height)) => Some(height.max(0.0)),
            _ => None,
        })
        .sum();
    let own_image_height = if tree
        .get_node(id)
        .and_then(|node| node.as_element().map(|element| element.local.as_ref() == "img"))
        .unwrap_or(false)
    {
        explicit_height
    } else {
        0.0
    };
    let content_height = estimate_text_height(tree, id, styles, assumed_width)
        .max(explicit_height)
        .max(descendant_image_height + own_image_height);
    let margins = style.map(|style| (style.margin.top + style.margin.bottom).max(0.0)).unwrap_or(0.0);
    content_height + margins
}

/// Largest definite (px) width among `id` and its descendants. Used to cap an
/// auto-width floated figure: a Wikipedia thumbnail is `<figure ...><img
/// width=250><figcaption>long text</figcaption></figure>`, and without a cap
/// the caption's unwrapped one-line max-content width (~700px) sizes the float
/// and starves the adjacent flow column to nothing. Real browsers size the
/// figure to the image (display:table) and wrap the caption; the image's
/// definite width is the bound that reproduces that.
fn max_definite_descendant_width(tree: &DomTree, id: NodeId, styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>) -> Option<f32> {
    let mut best: Option<f32> = None;
    for d in tree.descendants(id) {
        if let Some(crate::Dimension::Px(w)) = styles.get(&d).map(|s| s.width.clone()) {
            if w > 0.0 {
                best = Some(best.map_or(w, |b: f32| b.max(w)));
            }
        }
    }
    best
}

fn establishes_block_formatting_context(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> bool {
    matches!(style.display, crate::Display::Flex | crate::Display::Grid)
        || effective_container_type(style) != crate::ContainerType::Normal
        || style.flow_root
        || style.overflow_hidden
        || style.is_inline_block
        || style.float.is_some()
        || matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
}

fn clear_matches_float_sides(clear: crate::Clear, has_left: bool, has_right: bool) -> bool {
    (!has_left || matches!(clear, crate::Clear::Left | crate::Clear::Both))
        && (!has_right || matches!(clear, crate::Clear::Right | crate::Clear::Both))
}

fn has_deferred_or_auto_margin(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> bool {
    style.margin_auto.iter().any(|value| *value)
        || style.margin_percent.iter().any(Option::is_some)
        || style.margin_relative.iter().any(Option::is_some)
        || style.margin_expressions.iter().any(Option::is_some)
}

fn is_structural_native_clear_box(
    tree: &DomTree,
    id: NodeId,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
) -> bool {
    style.display == crate::Display::Block
        && !style.display_contents
        && !style.is_table_box
        && !style.is_inline_block
        && !style.flow_root
        && !style.overflow_hidden
        && effective_container_type(style) == crate::ContainerType::Normal
        && style.float.is_none()
        && style.clear.is_some()
        && !matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
        && tree.text_content(id).trim().is_empty()
        && style.before_pseudo.is_none()
        && style.after_pseudo.is_none()
}

fn is_structural_native_float_pseudo(style: &crate::LayoutStyle) -> bool {
    style.display != crate::Display::None
        && style.display != crate::Display::Inline
        && !style.display_contents
        && !style.is_inline_block
        && (!style.flow_root || style.is_table_box)
        && !style.overflow_hidden
        && effective_container_type(style) == crate::ContainerType::Normal
        && style.float.is_none()
        && !matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
        && style
            .before_content
            .as_deref()
            .map_or(true, |content| content.trim().is_empty())
}

/// Native taffy floats are currently sound for a deliberately small structural
/// subset: a flat block band made only of definite-width direct floats plus
/// empty generated/direct clearance boxes. Text flow, transparent wrappers,
/// shrink-to-fit floats, independent formatting contexts, and tables retain
/// the synthetic float-zone path.
fn can_use_native_float_band(
    tree: &DomTree,
    parent_style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    dom_children: &[NodeId],
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> bool {
    if parent_style.display != crate::Display::Block
        || parent_style.internal_flex_container
        || parent_style.is_inline_block
        || parent_style.is_table_box
        || parent_style.float.is_some()
        || matches!(parent_style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
        || !matches!(
            parent_style.width,
            crate::Dimension::Auto | crate::Dimension::Px(_) | crate::Dimension::Percent(_)
        )
        || parent_style.size_expressions[0].is_some()
    {
        return false;
    }

    let mut has_left = false;
    let mut has_right = false;
    let mut saw_float = false;
    let mut saw_clear_after_floats = false;

    if let Some(before) = parent_style.before_pseudo.as_deref() {
        if !is_structural_native_float_pseudo(before) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    for &id in dom_children {
        let Some(node) = tree.get_node(id) else { continue };
        if !node.is_element() {
            if !tree.text_content(id).trim().is_empty() {
                return false;
            }
            continue;
        }
        let Some(style) = styles.get(&id) else {
            return false;
        };
        if style.display == crate::Display::None {
            continue;
        }

        if let Some(side) = style.float {
            if saw_clear_after_floats
                || style.display_contents
                || style.is_table_box
                || matches!(style.position, Some(taffy::Position::Absolute))
                || !matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Px(_) | crate::Dimension::Percent(_))
                || style.size_expressions[0].is_some()
                || has_deferred_or_auto_margin(style)
            {
                return false;
            }
            saw_float = true;
            has_left |= side == crate::Float::Left;
            has_right |= side == crate::Float::Right;
        } else if is_structural_native_clear_box(tree, id, style) {
            if !saw_float {
                return false;
            }
            saw_clear_after_floats |= clear_matches_float_sides(
                style.clear.expect("structural clear has a side"),
                has_left,
                has_right,
            );
        } else {
            return false;
        }
    }

    if let Some(after) = parent_style.after_pseudo.as_deref() {
        if !is_structural_native_float_pseudo(after) {
            return false;
        }
        if let Some(clear) = after.clear {
            saw_clear_after_floats |= clear_matches_float_sides(clear, has_left, has_right);
        }
    }

    // Taffy represents overflow clipping as a real BFC root. Other Obscura
    // BFC markers do not yet have a distinct taffy-side representation, so
    // they are intentionally not used as an escape-safety signal here.
    let parent_is_native_bfc = parent_style.overflow_hidden;
    saw_float && (saw_clear_after_floats || parent_is_native_bfc)
}

fn set_native_float_clear(
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    node: taffy::NodeId,
    style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    generated_pseudo: bool,
) {
    let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(node) else { return };
    let mut native = current.clone();
    native.float = match style.float {
        Some(crate::Float::Left) => taffy::style::Float::Left,
        Some(crate::Float::Right) => taffy::style::Float::Right,
        None => taffy::style::Float::None,
    };
    native.clear = match style.clear {
        Some(crate::Clear::Left) => taffy::style::Clear::Left,
        Some(crate::Clear::Right) => taffy::style::Clear::Right,
        Some(crate::Clear::Both) => taffy::style::Clear::Both,
        None => taffy::style::Clear::None,
    };
    if generated_pseudo && style.is_table_box {
        // Bootstrap-style clearfix pseudos use display:table only to generate
        // an empty block formatting box. Taffy's independent table-item clear
        // path is incomplete, while its same-BFC block clear path is correct.
        native.display = taffy::style::Display::Block;
        native.item_is_table = false;
    }
    let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(node, native);
}

#[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
fn build_children_with_native_float_band(
    tree: &DomTree,
    parent_id: NodeId,
    parent_style: &crate::LayoutStyle,
    dom_children: &[NodeId],
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    engine: &mut crate::inline::TextEngine,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Vec<taffy::NodeId> {
    let mut result = Vec::new();
    for (kind, pseudo) in [
        (GeneratedBoxKind::Before, parent_style.before_pseudo.as_deref()),
        (GeneratedBoxKind::After, parent_style.after_pseudo.as_deref()),
    ] {
        if kind == GeneratedBoxKind::After {
            for &id in dom_children {
                let Some(style) = styles.get(&id) else { continue };
                for node in build_any(
                    tree, id, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles,
                ) {
                    set_native_float_clear(taffy_tree, node, style, false);
                    result.push(node);
                }
            }
        }
        if let Some((nodes, _)) =
            build_in_flow_pseudo(parent_id, kind, pseudo, taffy_tree, words, ifc_items)
        {
            if let Some(style) = pseudo {
                for node in nodes {
                    set_native_float_clear(taffy_tree, node, style, true);
                    result.push(node);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    result
}

fn build_children_with_float_zone(
    tree: &DomTree,
    parent_id: NodeId,
    dom_children: &[NodeId],
    taffy_tree: &mut TaffyTree<usize>,
    id_map: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, NodeId>,
    words: &mut HashMap<taffy::NodeId, (NodeId, String)>,
    engine: &mut crate::inline::TextEngine,
    ifc_items: &mut IfcRegistry,
    styles: &HashMap<NodeId, crate::LayoutStyle>,
) -> Vec<taffy::NodeId> {
    let is_float = |cid: NodeId| styles.get(&cid).map(|s| s.float.is_some()).unwrap_or(false);

    // A definite-height block whose only substantive contents are either one
    // full-width float or one percentage float followed by one percentage
    // inline atom has a bounded, single float band.  The general legacy path
    // below cannot represent that shape: it puts the float in an auto-width,
    // zero-height escape wrapper, so both percentage axes resolve against an
    // indefinite synthetic box.  A Bootstrap `width:100%;height:100%` column
    // then collapses or moves away from block-start, and the equally common
    // `[float:left;width:50%][inline-block;width:50%]` control row gives the
    // float zero size.
    //
    // Keep this deliberately narrower than a float manager.  In this exact
    // one-band case a full-size flex row is only a placement representation:
    // its percentage basis is the real containing block's content box, its
    // block-start is the normal flow position, and it cannot incorrectly
    // contain an escaping float because the parent already owns a definite
    // block size.  Text, multiple flow siblings, auto sizes, and floats that
    // can extend beyond an auto-height parent retain the general path.
    let parent_has_definite_height = styles.get(&parent_id).is_some_and(|parent| {
        matches!(
            parent.height,
            crate::Dimension::Px(_) | crate::Dimension::Percent(_)
        ) && parent.size_expressions[1].is_none()
    });
    let parent_has_clearfix = styles.get(&parent_id).is_some_and(|parent| {
        parent.after_pseudo.as_deref().is_some_and(|after| {
            matches!(after.clear, Some(crate::Clear::Left | crate::Clear::Both))
                && has_in_flow_generated_pseudo(Some(after))
        })
    });
    let parent_min_height = styles.get(&parent_id).and_then(|parent| match parent.min_height {
        crate::Dimension::Px(value) => Some(value),
        _ => None,
    });
    if parent_has_definite_height || parent_has_clearfix || parent_min_height.is_some() {
        let fills_axis = |value: f32| (value - 1.0).abs() < 0.001;
        let substantive: Vec<NodeId> = dom_children
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .filter(|cid| {
                tree.get_node(*cid).is_some_and(|node| {
                    node.is_element() || !tree.text_content(*cid).trim().is_empty()
                })
            })
            .collect();
        let floated: Vec<NodeId> = substantive
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .filter(|cid| is_float(*cid))
            .collect();
        if floated.len() == 1 {
            let float_dom = floated[0];
            let float_style = styles.get(&float_dom);
            let float_percent_width = float_style.and_then(|style| match style.width {
                crate::Dimension::Percent(value) => Some(value),
                _ => None,
            });
            let float_fills_height = float_style.is_some_and(|style| {
                matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Percent(value) if fills_axis(value))
                    && style.size_expressions[1].is_none()
            });
            let float_pixel_height = float_style.and_then(|style| match style.height {
                crate::Dimension::Px(value) if style.size_expressions[1].is_none() => Some(value),
                _ => None,
            });
            let float_has_definite_height = float_pixel_height.is_some() || float_fills_height;
            let height_is_already_contained = parent_has_definite_height
                || parent_has_clearfix
                || parent_min_height
                    .zip(float_pixel_height)
                    .is_some_and(|(minimum, height)| minimum + 0.001 >= height);
            let sole_full_width_float = substantive.len() == 1
                && float_percent_width.is_some_and(fills_axis)
                && float_has_definite_height
                && height_is_already_contained;
            let split_band_flow = if parent_has_definite_height
                && substantive.len() == 2
                && substantive[0] == float_dom
                && float_style.and_then(|style| style.float) == Some(crate::Float::Left)
                && float_fills_height
            {
                let flow_dom = substantive[1];
                styles.get(&flow_dom).and_then(|flow_style| {
                    let flow_percent_width = match flow_style.width {
                        crate::Dimension::Percent(value) => value,
                        _ => return None,
                    };
                    let flow_fills_height = matches!(
                        flow_style.height,
                        crate::Dimension::Percent(value) if fills_axis(value)
                    ) && flow_style.size_expressions[1].is_none();
                    let widths_fill_one_band = float_percent_width.is_some_and(|float_width| {
                        float_width > 0.0
                            && flow_percent_width > 0.0
                            && (float_width + flow_percent_width - 1.0).abs() < 0.001
                    });
                    (flow_style.display != crate::Display::None
                        && !flow_style.display_contents
                        && flow_style.is_inline_block
                        && flow_fills_height
                        && widths_fill_one_band)
                        .then_some(flow_dom)
                })
            } else {
                None
            };

            if sole_full_width_float || split_band_flow.is_some() {
                let float_node = build(
                    tree,
                    float_dom,
                    taffy_tree,
                    id_map,
                    words,
                    engine,
                    ifc_items,
                    styles,
                );
                // The split-band guard admits only a boxed inline-block
                // element, so it must be built as one atomic box. Calling
                // `build_any` here would be needlessly fragile: its text and
                // transparent-inline branches may fan out into several nodes,
                // and discovering that only after construction would leave
                // detached nodes behind when falling back to the general path.
                let flow_node = split_band_flow.and_then(|flow_dom| {
                    build(
                        tree,
                        flow_dom,
                        taffy_tree,
                        id_map,
                        words,
                        engine,
                        ifc_items,
                        styles,
                    )
                });
                if let Some(float_node) = float_node {
                    if sole_full_width_float || flow_node.is_some() {
                        let children: Vec<taffy::NodeId> =
                            [Some(float_node), flow_node].into_iter().flatten().collect();
                        let band_style = taffy::Style {
                            display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
                            flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
                            flex_wrap: taffy::FlexWrap::NoWrap,
                            align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
                            size: taffy::Size {
                                width: taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0),
                                height: if parent_has_definite_height {
                                    taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0)
                                } else {
                                    taffy::Dimension::auto()
                                },
                            },
                            ..Default::default()
                        };
                        if let Ok(band) = taffy_tree.new_with_children(band_style, &children) {
                            return vec![band];
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // A block made entirely from inline-ish flow content and two or more
    // right floats is the classic utility/navigation bar. Right floats are
    // placed from the inline end inward, so their visual order is the reverse
    // of source order, while ordinary inline content keeps filling from the
    // start of the same band. Serializing each encountered float into its own
    // synthetic row reverses those two groups and can leave the entire bar
    // shrink-wrapped at the start.
    //
    // Model this bounded one-band case as [flow | reversed right-float group].
    // A nested group preserves every float's authored margins; only the
    // anonymous group receives the auto margin used to represent the free
    // space between the two sides.
    let right_floats: Vec<NodeId> = dom_children
        .iter()
        .copied()
        .filter(|cid| {
            styles.get(cid).map_or(false, |style| {
                style.float == Some(crate::Float::Right)
                    && style.display != crate::Display::None
            })
        })
        .collect();
    let has_left_float = dom_children.iter().any(|cid| {
        styles.get(cid).map_or(false, |style| {
            style.float == Some(crate::Float::Left)
                && style.display != crate::Display::None
        })
    });
    let flow_is_inline = dom_children.iter().all(|cid| {
        let Some(node) = tree.get_node(*cid) else {
            return true;
        };
        if !node.is_element() || is_float(*cid) {
            return true;
        }
        styles
            .get(cid)
            .map_or(true, |style| style.display != crate::Display::Block)
    });
    if right_floats.len() >= 2 && !has_left_float && flow_is_inline {
        // Removing out-of-flow items must not remove the one collapsible
        // space between the inline items on either side of them. Collapse
        // any run of formatting whitespace to one representative node, while
        // dropping leading/trailing whitespace at the band edges.
        let mut flow_dom = Vec::new();
        let mut pending_whitespace = None;
        let mut has_flow_content = false;
        for &cid in dom_children {
            if is_float(cid) {
                continue;
            }
            let is_whitespace = tree.get_node(cid).map_or(false, |node| {
                !node.is_element() && tree.text_content(cid).trim().is_empty()
            });
            if is_whitespace {
                if has_flow_content && pending_whitespace.is_none() {
                    pending_whitespace = Some(cid);
                }
                continue;
            }
            if has_flow_content {
                if let Some(whitespace) = pending_whitespace.take() {
                    flow_dom.push(whitespace);
                }
            }
            flow_dom.push(cid);
            has_flow_content = true;
        }
        let mut row_children: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = flow_dom
            .into_iter()
            .flat_map(|cid| {
                build_any(
                    tree,
                    cid,
                    taffy_tree,
                    id_map,
                    words,
                    engine,
                    ifc_items,
                    styles,
                )
            })
            .collect();
        let right_children: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = right_floats
            .iter()
            .rev()
            .filter_map(|cid| {
                build(
                    tree,
                    *cid,
                    taffy_tree,
                    id_map,
                    words,
                    engine,
                    ifc_items,
                    styles,
                )
            })
            .collect();
        if !row_children.is_empty() && !right_children.is_empty() {
            let right_group_style = taffy::Style {
                display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
                flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
                flex_wrap: taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap,
                margin: taffy::Rect {
                    top: taffy::style::LengthPercentageAuto::length(0.0),
                    right: taffy::style::LengthPercentageAuto::length(0.0),
                    bottom: taffy::style::LengthPercentageAuto::length(0.0),
                    left: taffy::style::LengthPercentageAuto::auto(),
                },
                ..Default::default()
            };
            if let Ok(right_group) =
                taffy_tree.new_with_children(right_group_style, &right_children)
            {
                row_children.push(right_group);
                let row_style = taffy::Style {
                    display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
                    flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
                    flex_wrap: taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap,
                    align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
                    size: taffy::Size {
                        width: taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0),
                        height: taffy::Dimension::auto(),
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                if let Ok(row) =
                    taffy_tree.new_with_children(row_style, &row_children)
                {
                    return vec![row];
                }
            }
        }
    }

    let Some(float_idx) = dom_children.iter().position(|&cid| is_float(cid)) else {
        return dom_children.iter().flat_map(|&cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles)).collect();
    };

    let mut result: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = dom_children[..float_idx]
        .iter()
        .flat_map(|&cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles))
        .collect();

    let float_side = styles.get(&dom_children[float_idx]).and_then(|s| s.float);

    // Opposing header floats share one float band even when an empty legacy
    // compatibility box sits between them. This is the classic left-logo /
    // right-tagline header: serializing the two synthetic rows doubles the
    // header height and pushes every later box down. Real float placement
    // scans the same BFC band and puts the second float against the opposite
    // edge when both margin boxes fit.
    let is_empty_bridge = |cid: NodeId| {
        let Some(node) = tree.get_node(cid) else { return true };
        if !node.is_element() {
            return tree.text_content(cid).trim().is_empty();
        }
        let style = styles.get(&cid);
        let no_size = style
            .map(|style| {
                matches!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && matches!(style.height, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && matches!(style.min_width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && matches!(style.min_height, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && matches!(style.max_width, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && matches!(style.max_height, crate::Dimension::Auto)
                    && style.margin == crate::Edges::default()
                    && style.padding == crate::Edges::default()
                    && style
                        .padding_percent
                        .iter()
                        .all(|value| value.is_none())
                    && style.border == crate::Edges::default()
                    && style.before_pseudo.is_none()
                    && style.after_pseudo.is_none()
            })
            .unwrap_or(true);
        no_size && tree.text_content(cid).trim().is_empty()
    };
    let mut opposite_idx = float_idx + 1;
    while opposite_idx < dom_children.len() && is_empty_bridge(dom_children[opposite_idx]) {
        opposite_idx += 1;
    }
    let opposite_side = dom_children
        .get(opposite_idx)
        .and_then(|cid| styles.get(cid))
        .and_then(|style| style.float);
    if opposite_side.is_some() && opposite_side != float_side {
        let first = build(
            tree,
            dom_children[float_idx],
            taffy_tree,
            id_map,
            words,
            engine,
            ifc_items,
            styles,
        );
        let second = build(
            tree,
            dom_children[opposite_idx],
            taffy_tree,
            id_map,
            words,
            engine,
            ifc_items,
            styles,
        );
        let row_children: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = match float_side {
            Some(crate::Float::Left) => [first, second].into_iter().flatten().collect(),
            _ => [second, first].into_iter().flatten().collect(),
        };
        let row_style = taffy::Style {
            display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
            flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
            justify_content: Some(taffy::JustifyContent::SPACE_BETWEEN),
            align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
            size: taffy::Size {
                width: taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0),
                height: taffy::Dimension::auto(),
            },
            ..Default::default()
        };
        if let Ok(row) = taffy_tree.new_with_children(row_style, &row_children) {
            result.push(row);
        }
        result.extend(
            dom_children[opposite_idx + 1..]
                .iter()
                .flat_map(|&cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles)),
        );
        return result;
    }

    // A run of two or more consecutively floated siblings (the classic
    // float-grid idiom: several `float:left; width:N%` boxes forming columns,
    // e.g. craigslist's `.sites .box{float:left;width:23%}` site directory) is
    // not the single-float-beside-flow shape handled below: real float layout
    // places the run side by side, wrapping to a new line when the row fills.
    // Model the run as a wrapping flex row. Whitespace-only text between the
    // floats does not break the run.
    let mut run_end = float_idx + 1;
    let mut float_count = 1usize;
    while run_end < dom_children.len() {
        let cid = dom_children[run_end];
        if styles.get(&cid).and_then(|s| s.float) == float_side {
            float_count += 1;
            run_end += 1;
        } else if tree.get_node(cid).map_or(false, |n| !n.is_element())
            && tree.text_content(cid).trim().is_empty()
        {
            run_end += 1;
        } else {
            break;
        }
    }
    if float_count >= 2 {
        let mut run_children: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = dom_children[float_idx..run_end]
            .iter()
            // Formatting whitespace between floats does not generate an
            // in-flow flex item or consume horizontal space.
            .filter(|&&cid| styles.get(&cid).and_then(|s| s.float) == float_side)
            .flat_map(|&cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles))
            .collect();
        // A common navigation-bar shape is a run of left floats followed by
        // one right float. The right float still scans the current float band:
        // it does not start a new row merely because multiple left floats
        // precede it. Keep the run in one wrapping row and use an auto inline
        // margin to reserve all remaining space before the opposing float.
        //
        // This stays deliberately narrower than a general float manager. In
        // particular, multiple right floats have reverse source-order
        // placement semantics and need their own representation.
        let trailing_right = (float_side == Some(crate::Float::Left)
            && dom_children
                .get(run_end)
                .and_then(|cid| styles.get(cid))
                .and_then(|style| style.float)
                == Some(crate::Float::Right))
        .then(|| dom_children[run_end]);
        if let Some(right_dom) = trailing_right {
            let right = build(
                tree,
                right_dom,
                taffy_tree,
                id_map,
                words,
                engine,
                ifc_items,
                styles,
            );
            if let Some(right) = right {
                if let Ok(current) = taffy_tree.style(right) {
                    let mut pushed_right = current.clone();
                    pushed_right.margin.left =
                        taffy::style::LengthPercentageAuto::auto();
                    let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(right, pushed_right);
                }
                run_children.push(right);
                let row_style = taffy::Style {
                    display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
                    flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
                    flex_wrap: taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap,
                    align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
                    size: taffy::Size {
                        width: taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0),
                        height: taffy::Dimension::auto(),
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                if let Ok(row) = taffy_tree.new_with_children(row_style, &run_children) {
                    result.push(row);
                }
                result.extend(build_children_with_float_zone(
                    tree,
                    parent_id,
                    &dom_children[run_end + 1..],
                    taffy_tree,
                    id_map,
                    words,
                    engine,
                    ifc_items,
                    styles,
                ));
                return result;
            }
        }
        let row_style = taffy::Style {
            display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
            flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
            flex_wrap: taffy::FlexWrap::Wrap,
            align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
            ..Default::default()
        };
        if let Ok(row) = taffy_tree.new_with_children(row_style, &run_children) {
            result.push(row);
        }
        result.extend(build_children_with_float_zone(
            tree, parent_id, &dom_children[run_end..], taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items,
            styles,
        ));
        return result;
    }

    // Stop growing the zone once the flow siblings collected so far would
    // already fill (an estimate of) the float's own height: real float
    // reflow ends when normal-flow content passes the float's bottom edge,
    // Headings do not terminate a CSS float's influence by themselves.
    // Without this, a short floated thumbnail (a few hundred px) dragged an
    // entire multi-paragraph section into a narrow flow column alongside it
    // — visibly wrong wrapping plus a large empty gap once the (much
    // shorter) float ran out, both from treating "next heading" as the only
    // bound. The estimate is necessarily rough (actual available width is a
    // taffy layout result we don't have yet at tree-build time), but even an
    // approximate bound beats an unbounded one.
    let float_height_budget = estimate_float_height(tree, dom_children[float_idx], styles);
    const ASSUMED_FLOW_WIDTH: f32 = 500.0;
    // `clear` on a sibling ends the zone: the cleared element moves below the
    // float (the clearfix idiom), so it must not join the flow column beside it.
    let clears_this_float = |cid: NodeId| {
        let Some(c) = styles.get(&cid).and_then(|s| s.clear) else { return false };
        match (float_side, c) {
            (_, crate::Clear::Both) => true,
            (Some(crate::Float::Left), crate::Clear::Left) => true,
            (Some(crate::Float::Right), crate::Clear::Right) => true,
            _ => false,
        }
    };
    let mut zone_end = float_idx + 1;
    let mut flow_height_estimate = 0.0f32;
    while zone_end < dom_children.len()
        && !is_float(dom_children[zone_end])
        && !clears_this_float(dom_children[zone_end])
    {
        flow_height_estimate +=
            estimate_flow_sibling_height(tree, dom_children[zone_end], styles, ASSUMED_FLOW_WIDTH);
        zone_end += 1;
        if flow_height_estimate >= float_height_budget {
            break;
        }
    }
    // The float itself is always an element (only elements get style
    // entries, and `is_float` above required one), so a direct `build` call
    // is correct here; only its flow siblings need the word-splitting `build_any`.
    let float_taffy = build(tree, dom_children[float_idx], taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles);
    // Cap an auto-width float at its widest definite-width descendant so a long
    // wrappable caption cannot inflate it to the caption's one-line max-content
    // width and starve the flow column beside it (the Wikipedia-thumbnail /
    // article-body-collapses-to-one-word-per-line bug). Only when the float is
    // itself auto-width and actually contains such a box; text-only floats
    // (pull quotes, sized infoboxes) are left to normal shrink-to-fit.
    if let Some(float_id) = float_taffy {
        let float_dom = dom_children[float_idx];
        let float_auto = styles.get(&float_dom).map(|s| matches!(s.width, crate::Dimension::Auto)).unwrap_or(true);
        if float_auto {
            if let Some(w) = max_definite_descendant_width(tree, float_dom, styles) {
                if let Ok(cur) = taffy_tree.style(float_id) {
                    let mut st = cur.clone();
                    // A little slack for the figure's own border/padding so the
                    // image is not clipped; the caption still wraps to ~image width.
                    st.max_size.width = taffy::Dimension::length(w + 12.0);
                    let _ = taffy_tree.set_style(float_id, st);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    match float_taffy {
        Some(float_id) => {
            let flow_column_style = taffy::Style {
                display: taffy::style::Display::Block,
                flex_grow: 1.0,
                flex_shrink: 1.0,
                flex_basis: taffy::Dimension::length(0.0),
                min_size: taffy::Size { width: taffy::Dimension::length(0.0), height: taffy::Dimension::auto() },
                ..Default::default()
            };
            let flow_dom = &dom_children[float_idx + 1..zone_end];
            let flow_column = if flow_dom.is_empty() {
                taffy_tree.new_leaf(flow_column_style).ok()
            } else {
                // The zone is still an ordinary block formatting context:
                // consecutive text/inline siblings must share inline runs,
                // while block siblings stack. Building each sibling directly
                // into a flex column makes every link a separate stretched
                // row. Reuse the mixed-block builder, but leave this anonymous
                // wrapper out of the DOM id map so it cannot overwrite the
                // real parent's rectangle.
                let mut flow_style = styles.get(&parent_id).cloned().unwrap_or_default();
                flow_style.before_content = None;
                flow_style.after_content = None;
                let column = build_mixed_block(
                    tree,
                    parent_id,
                    &flow_style,
                    flow_column_style,
                    flow_dom,
                    taffy_tree,
                    id_map,
                    words,
                    engine,
                    ifc_items,
                    styles,
                );
                if let Some(column_id) = column {
                    id_map.remove(&column_id);
                }
                column
            };

            let row_style = taffy::Style {
                display: taffy::style::Display::Flex,
                flex_direction: taffy::FlexDirection::Row,
                align_items: Some(taffy::AlignItems::FLEX_START),
                size: taffy::Size {
                    width: taffy::Dimension::percent(1.0),
                    height: taffy::Dimension::auto(),
                },
                ..Default::default()
            };
            // A float does not contribute to the height of a non-BFC block
            // that contains it. Put an escaping float inside a zero-height,
            // overflow-visible wrapper: its real width still reserves the
            // current band, but its height can protrude into later descendant
            // blocks of the ancestor BFC. A matching `clear` or any remaining
            // direct full-width sibling keeps the old containing row, since
            // that content explicitly terminates the local float zone.
            let can_escape = zone_end == dom_children.len()
                && styles
                    .get(&parent_id)
                    .map(|style| !establishes_block_formatting_context(style))
                    .unwrap_or(false);
            let row_float = if can_escape {
                let wrapper_style = taffy::Style {
                    display: taffy::style::Display::Block,
                    flex_grow: 0.0,
                    flex_shrink: 0.0,
                    size: taffy::Size {
                        width: taffy::Dimension::auto(),
                        height: taffy::Dimension::length(0.0),
                    },
                    ..Default::default()
                };
                taffy_tree
                    .new_with_children(wrapper_style, &[float_id])
                    .ok()
                    .unwrap_or(float_id)
            } else {
                float_id
            };
            let row_children: Vec<taffy::NodeId> = match float_side {
                Some(crate::Float::Left) => [Some(row_float), flow_column].into_iter().flatten().collect(),
                _ => [flow_column, Some(row_float)].into_iter().flatten().collect(),
            };
            if let Ok(row) = taffy_tree.new_with_children(row_style, &row_children) {
                result.push(row);
                if can_escape {
                    if let (Some(flow), Some(side)) = (flow_column, float_side) {
                        ifc_items.float_continuations.push(FloatContinuation {
                            owner: parent_id,
                            float: float_id,
                            flow,
                            side,
                        });
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        // The float itself failed to build (e.g. display:none resolved for
        // it specifically); still build its flow siblings so their content
        // is not silently lost.
        None => result.extend(
            dom_children[float_idx + 1..zone_end]
                .iter()
                .flat_map(|&cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles)),
        ),
    }

    result.extend(
        dom_children[zone_end..]
            .iter()
            .flat_map(|&cid| build_any(tree, cid, taffy_tree, id_map, words, engine, ifc_items, styles)),
    );
    result
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use obscura_dom::tree_sink::parse_html;

    #[test]
    fn lays_out_real_dom() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            "<html><body><div style=\"width: 300px\"><div style=\"width: 100px; height: 40px\"></div><div style=\"width: 100px; height: 60px\"></div></div></body></html>",
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        // Every element gets a rect.
        assert!(laid.rects.len() >= 4, "expected >=4 element rects, got {}", laid.rects.len());

        // The two inner divs stack vertically inside the 300px container.
        let stacks = laid
            .rects
            .values()
            .filter(|r| (r.width - 100.0).abs() < 0.1)
            .map(|r| (r.y, r.height))
            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
        assert_eq!(stacks.len(), 2, "expected two 100px-wide children");
        let mut sorted = stacks.clone();
        sorted.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.partial_cmp(&b.0).unwrap());
        assert!(
            (sorted[0].1 - 40.0).abs() < 0.1 && (sorted[1].1 - 60.0).abs() < 0.1,
            "children heights should be 40 and 60, got {:?}",
            sorted
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_alignment_does_not_shrink_wrap_block_grid_and_flex_children() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                #host{width:900px;text-align:center}
                #grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr));gap:20px}
                .card{overflow:hidden;height:30px}
                .wide{width:1200px;height:10px}
                #flex{display:flex}
                #flex > div{flex:1;height:20px}
            </style>
            <div id="host">
              <div id="grid">
                <div id="card-a" class="card"><div class="wide"></div></div>
                <div id="card-b" class="card"><div class="wide"></div></div>
              </div>
              <div id="flex"><div></div><div></div></div>
            </div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1000.0, 300.0));
        let rect = |name| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap()];
        let host = rect("host");
        let grid = rect("grid");
        let card_a = rect("card-a");
        let card_b = rect("card-b");
        let flex = rect("flex");

        assert!((host.width - 900.0).abs() < 0.01, "{host:?}");
        assert!((grid.width - 900.0).abs() < 0.01, "{grid:?}");
        assert!(
            (card_a.width - 440.0).abs() < 0.01
                && (card_b.width - 440.0).abs() < 0.01
                && (card_b.x - card_a.x - 460.0).abs() < 0.01,
            "grid tracks escaped their containing block: {card_a:?} {card_b:?}"
        );
        assert!((flex.width - 900.0).abs() < 0.01, "{flex:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn sticky_normal_flow_excludes_own_pixel_and_percentage_translates() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                #flow{width:300px;height:900px}
                .spacer{height:100px}
                .sticky{position:sticky;top:0}
                #pixel{width:120px;height:40px;transform:translate(7px,-15px)}
                #percent{width:120px;height:50px;transform:translateY(-110%)}
            </style>
            <div id="flow">
              <div class="spacer"></div>
              <div id="pixel" class="sticky"></div>
              <div class="spacer"></div>
              <div id="percent" class="sticky"></div>
            </div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (400.0, 240.0));
        let sticky = laid.root_sticky_layout(&tree, (400.0, 240.0));

        for name in ["pixel", "percent"] {
            let id = tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap();
            let rect = laid.rects[&id];
            let frame = sticky.frames.iter().find(|frame| frame.id == id).unwrap();
            assert!(
                (frame.normal.x - rect.x).abs() < 0.01
                    && (frame.normal.y - rect.y).abs() < 0.01,
                "{name} own transform must not alter its sticky normal position: \
                 rect={rect:?} frame={frame:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn sticky_normal_flow_retains_transformed_ancestor_coordinates() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                #ancestor{
                    width:300px;
                    height:700px;
                    transform:translate(25px,30px)
                }
                #spacer{height:100px}
                #sticky{
                    position:sticky;
                    top:0;
                    width:120px;
                    height:40px;
                    transform:translate(-5px,-20px)
                }
            </style>
            <div id="ancestor">
              <div id="spacer"></div>
              <div id="sticky"></div>
            </div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (400.0, 240.0));
        let id = tree.get_element_by_id("sticky").unwrap();
        let rect = laid.rects[&id];
        let sticky = laid.root_sticky_layout(&tree, (400.0, 240.0));
        let frame = sticky.frames.iter().find(|frame| frame.id == id).unwrap();

        assert!(
            (frame.normal.x - (rect.x + 25.0)).abs() < 0.01
                && (frame.normal.y - (rect.y + 30.0)).abs() < 0.01,
            "ancestor transform must remain in sticky constraint coordinates: \
             rect={rect:?} frame={frame:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_query_uses_final_content_box_geometry() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<html><head><style>
                #container {
                    box-sizing:border-box;
                    container-type:inline-size;
                    width:500px;
                    padding:20px;
                    border:10px solid;
                }
                #target { width:1px; height:1px }
                @container (width >= 440px) { #target { width:44px } }
                @container (width > 499px) { #target { width:50px } }
            </style></head><body>
                <div id="container"><div id="target"></div></div>
            </body></html>"#,
        );
        let (laid, telemetry) =
            layout_dom_with_web_fonts_measured(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0), &HashMap::new(), &[]);
        let container = tree.get_element_by_id("container").unwrap();
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert!((laid.rects[&container].width - 500.0).abs() < 0.1);
        assert_eq!(laid.styles[&target].width, crate::Dimension::Px(44.0));
        assert_eq!(telemetry.passes, 2);
        assert_eq!(
            telemetry.termination,
            ContainerLayoutTermination::GeometryStable
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_query_named_and_unnamed_lookup_choose_different_ancestors() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<html><head><style>
                #outer { container: shell / inline-size; width:600px }
                #inner { container: other / inline-size; width:300px }
                #target { width:1px; height:1px }
                @container shell (min-width:500px) { #target { width:11px } }
                @container (min-width:500px) { #target { height:22px } }
            </style></head><body>
                <div id="outer"><div id="inner"><div id="target"></div></div></div>
            </body></html>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(laid.styles[&target].width, crate::Dimension::Px(11.0));
        assert_eq!(laid.styles[&target].height, crate::Dimension::Px(1.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn nested_container_queries_select_independent_ancestors() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<html><head><style>
                #outer { container: outer / inline-size; width:600px }
                #inner { container: inner / inline-size; width:200px }
                #target { width:1px }
                @container outer (min-width:500px) {
                    @container inner (min-width:200px) {
                        #target { width:19px }
                    }
                }
            </style></head><body>
                <div id="outer"><div id="inner"><div id="target"></div></div></div>
            </body></html>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(laid.styles[&target].width, crate::Dimension::Px(19.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_query_pseudo_can_select_its_originating_element() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<html><head><style>
                #container { container-type:inline-size; width:300px }
                @container (min-width:300px) {
                    #container::before { content:"active"; display:block }
                }
            </style></head><body><div id="container"></div></body></html>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let container = tree.get_element_by_id("container").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            laid.styles[&container]
                .before_pseudo
                .as_ref()
                .and_then(|pseudo| pseudo.before_content.as_deref()),
            Some("active")
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_type_zeroes_shrink_to_fit_inline_intrinsic_widths() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                #host{width:600px}
                .container{container-type:inline-size}
                .wide{width:240px;height:30px}
                #inline-block{display:inline-block}
                #inline-flex{display:inline-flex}
                #inline-grid{display:inline-grid}
            </style>
            <div id="host">
              <div id="inline-block" class="container"><div class="wide"></div></div>
              <div id="inline-flex" class="container"><div class="wide"></div></div>
              <div id="inline-grid" class="container"><div class="wide"></div></div>
            </div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 300.0));
        for name in ["inline-block", "inline-flex", "inline-grid"] {
            let id = tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap();
            let rect = laid.rects[&id];
            assert!(
                rect.width.abs() < 0.01,
                "{name} descendants leaked into contained intrinsic width: {rect:?}"
            );
            assert!(
                rect.height >= 29.9,
                "inline-size containment must retain content-driven block size: {rect:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_outer_boxes_shrink_wrap_in_only_child_and_text_flows() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                .host{width:700px}
                .wide{width:400px;height:20px}
                #ib,#ibt{display:inline-block}
                #if,#ift{display:inline-flex}
                #ig,#igt{display:inline-grid}
            </style>
            <div class="host"><div id="ib"><div class="wide"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="if"><div class="wide"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="ig"><div class="wide"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host">A<div id="ibt"><div class="wide"></div></div>B</div>
            <div class="host">A<div id="ift"><div class="wide"></div></div>B</div>
            <div class="host">A<div id="igt"><div class="wide"></div></div>B</div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (700.0, 300.0));
        for name in ["ib", "if", "ig", "ibt", "ift", "igt"] {
            let rect = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap()];
            assert!(
                (rect.width - 400.0).abs() < 0.01,
                "{name} did not shrink-wrap its 400px child: {rect:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_flex_and_grid_preserve_percentage_and_box_edge_geometry() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                .host{width:700px}
                .percent{width:50%}
                .flex{display:inline-flex}
                .grid{display:inline-grid}
                .edges{padding:10px 20px;border:5px solid;margin:7px}
                .child{width:100px;height:20px}
            </style>
            <div class="host"><div id="flex-percent" class="flex percent"><div class="child"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="grid-percent" class="grid percent"><div class="child"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="flex-edges" class="flex edges"><div class="child"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="grid-edges" class="grid edges"><div class="child"></div></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (800.0, 300.0));
        let rect = |name| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap()];
        for name in ["flex-percent", "grid-percent"] {
            let item = rect(name);
            assert!(
                (item.width - 350.0).abs() < 0.01
                    && (item.height - 20.0).abs() < 0.01,
                "{name}: {item:?}"
            );
        }
        for name in ["flex-edges", "grid-edges"] {
            let item = rect(name);
            assert!(
                (item.x - 7.0).abs() < 0.01
                    && (item.width - 150.0).abs() < 0.01
                    && (item.height - 50.0).abs() < 0.01,
                "{name}: {item:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_flex_and_grid_resolve_percentage_min_max_against_containing_block() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                .host{width:700px}
                .flex{display:inline-flex}
                .grid{display:inline-grid}
                .max{max-width:50%}
                .min{min-width:50%}
                .wide{width:500px;height:20px}
                .narrow{width:100px;height:20px}
            </style>
            <div class="host"><div id="flex-max" class="flex max"><div class="wide"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="grid-max" class="grid max"><div class="wide"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="flex-min" class="flex min"><div class="narrow"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="grid-min" class="grid min"><div class="narrow"></div></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (800.0, 300.0));
        for name in ["flex-max", "grid-max", "flex-min", "grid-min"] {
            let item = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap()];
            assert!(
                (item.width - 350.0).abs() < 0.01,
                "{name} resolved its percentage constraint against the wrong box: {item:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn inline_atomic_vertical_align_controls_cross_axis_placement() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                .line{font:20px/40px sans-serif}
                .atom{display:inline-flex;width:30px}
                .bottom{vertical-align:bottom}
                .middle{vertical-align:middle}
                #bottom-short,#middle-short{height:10px}
                #bottom-tall,#middle-tall{height:30px}
            </style>
            <div class="line">x<span id="bottom-short" class="atom bottom"></span><span id="bottom-tall" class="atom bottom"></span></div>
            <div class="line">x<span id="middle-short" class="atom middle"></span><span id="middle-tall" class="atom middle"></span></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (800.0, 200.0));
        let rect = |name| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap()];
        let bottom_short = rect("bottom-short");
        let bottom_tall = rect("bottom-tall");
        assert!(
            (bottom_short.y + bottom_short.height - bottom_tall.y - bottom_tall.height).abs()
                < 0.01,
            "bottom-aligned atoms did not share a line bottom: {bottom_short:?} {bottom_tall:?}"
        );
        let middle_short = rect("middle-short");
        let middle_tall = rect("middle-tall");
        assert!(
            (middle_short.y + middle_short.height / 2.0
                - middle_tall.y
                - middle_tall.height / 2.0)
                .abs()
                < 0.01,
            "middle-aligned atoms did not share a line center: {middle_short:?} {middle_tall:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn blockified_inline_flex_and_grid_items_retain_inner_layout() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                .host{display:flex;width:700px}
                #if{display:inline-flex}
                #ig{display:inline-grid;grid-template-columns:100px 100px}
                .item{width:100px;height:20px}
            </style>
            <div class="host"><div id="if"><div id="ifa" class="item"></div><div id="ifb" class="item"></div></div></div>
            <div class="host"><div id="ig"><div id="iga" class="item"></div><div id="igb" class="item"></div></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (700.0, 300.0));
        let rect = |name| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap()];
        for (container, first, second) in [("if", "ifa", "ifb"), ("ig", "iga", "igb")] {
            let container = rect(container);
            let first = rect(first);
            let second = rect(second);
            assert!((container.width - 200.0).abs() < 0.01, "{container:?}");
            assert!(
                (first.y - second.y).abs() < 0.01
                    && (second.x - first.x - 100.0).abs() < 0.01,
                "inner layout was destroyed: first={first:?} second={second:?}"
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn root_and_body_inline_outer_geometry_matches_blockification_rules() {
        for display in ["inline-block", "inline-flex", "inline-grid"] {
            let tree = parse_html(&format!(
                r#"<style>
                    html{{margin:0}}body{{margin:0;display:{display}}}
                    .wide{{width:400px;height:20px}}
                </style><div class="wide"></div>"#
            ));
            let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (800.0, 300.0));
            let body = tree
                .descendants(tree.document())
                .into_iter()
                .find(|id| {
                    tree.get_node(*id)
                        .is_some_and(|node| {
                            node.as_element()
                                .is_some_and(|element| element.local.as_ref() == "body")
                        })
                })
                .unwrap();
            assert!(
                (laid.rects[&body].width - 400.0).abs() < 0.01,
                "body {display}: {:?}",
                laid.rects[&body]
            );

            let tree = parse_html(&format!(
                r#"<style>
                    html{{margin:0;display:{display}}}body{{margin:0}}
                    .wide{{width:400px;height:20px}}
                </style><div class="wide"></div>"#
            ));
            let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (800.0, 300.0));
            let root = tree
                .descendants(tree.document())
                .into_iter()
                .find(|id| {
                    tree.get_node(*id)
                        .is_some_and(|node| {
                            node.as_element()
                                .is_some_and(|element| element.local.as_ref() == "html")
                        })
                })
                .unwrap();
            assert!(
                (laid.rects[&root].width - 800.0).abs() < 0.01,
                "root {display}: {:?}",
                laid.rects[&root]
            );
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn viewport_overflow_clip_does_not_truncate_root_scrolling_overflow() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0;height:100%;overflow:hidden}
                main{padding-top:48px}
                #long{height:5000px}
            </style><main id="main"><div id="long"></div></main>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (900.0, 1000.0));
        let main = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("main").unwrap()];
        let content = laid.scrolling_content_size(&tree, (900.0, 1000.0));
        assert!((main.height - 5048.0).abs() < 0.01, "{main:?}");
        assert_eq!(content, (900.0, 5048.0));
    }

    #[test]
    fn descendant_overflow_clip_still_bounds_root_scrolling_overflow() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                #clip{height:100px;overflow:hidden}
                #long{height:5000px}
            </style><div id="clip"><div id="long"></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (900.0, 1000.0));
        assert_eq!(
            laid.scrolling_content_size(&tree, (900.0, 1000.0)),
            (900.0, 1000.0)
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn size_container_auto_block_size_ignores_descendants() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                .container{width:200px}
                .child{height:80px}
                #inline-only{container-type:inline-size}
                #both{container-type:size}
            </style>
            <div id="inline-only" class="container"><div class="child"></div></div>
            <div id="both" class="container"><div class="child"></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 300.0));
        let inline_only = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("inline-only").unwrap()];
        let both = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("both").unwrap()];
        assert!((inline_only.height - 80.0).abs() < 0.01, "{inline_only:?}");
        assert!(
            both.height.abs() < 0.01,
            "size containment must use the zero contain-intrinsic block size: {both:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_type_establishes_a_float_containing_formatting_context() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                #container{container-type:inline-size;width:200px}
                #float{float:left;width:50px;height:40px}
            </style>
            <div id="container"><div id="float"></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 200.0));
        let container = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("container").unwrap()];
        assert!(
            (container.height - 40.0).abs() < 0.01,
            "query container must contain its descendant float: {container:?}"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ineligible_nearest_inline_container_does_not_fall_through() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                #outer{container-type:inline-size;width:500px}
                #inner{display:inline;container-type:inline-size}
                #target{width:1px}
                @container (min-width:400px){#target{width:99px}}
            </style>
            <div id="outer"><span id="inner"><span id="target"></span></span></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 200.0));
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            laid.styles[&target].width,
            crate::Dimension::Px(1.0),
            "the unavailable nearest query axis must be unknown, not select the outer container"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ineligible_nearest_display_contents_container_does_not_fall_through() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                #outer{container:query/inline-size;width:500px}
                #inner{display:contents;container:query/inline-size}
                #target{width:1px}
                @container query (min-width:400px){#target{width:99px}}
            </style>
            <div id="outer"><div id="inner"><div id="target"></div></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 200.0));
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            laid.styles[&target].width,
            crate::Dimension::Px(1.0),
            "a named display:contents container must remain the nearest match with unavailable axes"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn ineligible_nearest_table_container_does_not_fall_through() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                #outer{container-type:inline-size;width:500px}
                #inner{display:table;container-type:size;width:300px}
                #content{height:80px}
                #target{width:1px}
                @container (min-width:400px){#target{width:99px}}
            </style>
            <div id="outer">
              <div id="inner"><div id="content"><div id="target"></div></div></div>
            </div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 200.0));
        let inner = tree.get_element_by_id("inner").unwrap();
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert!(
            laid.styles[&inner].is_table_box,
            "the internal block approximation lost authored table provenance"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            laid.styles[&target].width,
            crate::Dimension::Px(1.0),
            "an unavailable nearest table query axis must not fall through to the outer container"
        );
        assert!(
            (laid.rects[&inner].height - 80.0).abs() < 0.01,
            "container-type must not apply size containment to an authored table box: {:?}",
            laid.rects[&inner]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_type_does_not_size_contain_internal_table_cell() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                table{border-spacing:0}
                #cell{container-type:size;padding:0}
                #content{height:80px;width:120px}
            </style>
            <table><tr><td id="cell"><div id="content"></div></td></tr></table>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 200.0));
        let cell = tree.get_element_by_id("cell").unwrap();
        assert!(
            laid.styles[&cell].internal_flex_container,
            "the test must exercise the internal table-cell representation"
        );
        assert!(
            laid.rects[&cell].height >= 79.9,
            "container-type must not zero an internal table cell: {:?}",
            laid.rects[&cell]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn formerly_oscillating_inline_container_settles_consistently() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                #container{display:inline-block;container-type:inline-size}
                #child{width:200px;height:10px}
                @container (min-width:100px){#child{width:50px}}
            </style>
            <div id="container"><div id="child"></div></div>"#,
        );
        let (laid, telemetry) =
            layout_dom_with_web_fonts_measured(&tree, (600.0, 200.0), &HashMap::new(), &[]);
        let container = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("container").unwrap()];
        let child = tree.get_element_by_id("child").unwrap();
        assert!(container.width.abs() < 0.01, "{container:?}");
        assert_eq!(laid.styles[&child].width, crate::Dimension::Px(200.0));
        assert!(matches!(
            telemetry.termination,
            ContainerLayoutTermination::GeometryStable
                | ContainerLayoutTermination::SignatureStable
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn pass_cap_uses_visible_conservative_fallback_without_panicking() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                #c0{container:c0/inline-size;width:100px}
                #target{width:1px}
                @container c0 (min-width:100px){
                    #c1{container:c1/inline-size;width:100px}
                }
                @container c1 (min-width:100px){#target{width:99px}}
            </style>
            <div id="c0"><div id="c1"><div id="target"></div></div></div>"#,
        );
        let (laid, telemetry) = layout_dom_with_web_fonts_pass_limit(
            &tree,
            (600.0, 200.0),
            &HashMap::new(),
            &[],
            Some(2),
        );
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(laid.styles[&target].width, crate::Dimension::Px(1.0));
        assert_eq!(
            telemetry.termination,
            ContainerLayoutTermination::PassCapFallback
        );
        assert_eq!(telemetry.passes, 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn ten_level_container_activation_propagates_without_fixed_pass_truncation() {
        let mut css = String::from(
            "#c0{container:c0/inline-size;width:100px}#target{width:1px}",
        );
        for level in 0..10 {
            css.push_str(&format!(
                "@container c{level} (min-width:100px){{#c{}{{container:c{}/inline-size;width:100px}}}}",
                level + 1,
                level + 1
            ));
        }
        css.push_str(
            "@container c10 (min-width:100px){#target{width:77px}}",
        );
        let mut body = String::new();
        for level in 0..=10 {
            body.push_str(&format!("<div id=\"c{level}\">"));
        }
        body.push_str("<div id=\"target\"></div>");
        for _ in 0..=10 {
            body.push_str("</div>");
        }
        let tree = parse_html(&format!("<style>{css}</style>{body}"));
        let (laid, telemetry) =
            layout_dom_with_web_fonts_measured(&tree, (800.0, 600.0), &HashMap::new(), &[]);
        let target = tree.get_element_by_id("target").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(laid.styles[&target].width, crate::Dimension::Px(77.0));
        assert!(
            telemetry.passes > 8,
            "deep propagation unexpectedly truncated: {telemetry:?}"
        );
        assert!(!matches!(
            telemetry.termination,
            ContainerLayoutTermination::PassCapFallback
                | ContainerLayoutTermination::OscillationFallback
        ));
    }

    #[test]
    fn layout_without_container_queries_keeps_one_pass_fast_path() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<html><head><style>#target{width:25px}</style></head>
               <body><div id="target"></div></body></html>"#,
        );
        let (_, telemetry) =
            layout_dom_with_web_fonts_measured(&tree, (800.0, 600.0), &HashMap::new(), &[]);
        assert_eq!(
            telemetry,
            ContainerLayoutTelemetry {
                passes: 1,
                termination: ContainerLayoutTermination::NoQueries,
                query: crate::css::ContainerQueryStats::default(),
            }
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_convergence_classifies_self_consistent_stability() {
        assert_eq!(
            container_iteration_termination(true, &3, Some(&2)),
            Some(ContainerLayoutTermination::GeometryStable)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            container_iteration_termination(false, &3, Some(&3)),
            Some(ContainerLayoutTermination::SignatureStable)
        );
        assert_eq!(
            container_iteration_termination(false, &3, Some(&2)),
            None
        );
        assert_eq!(CONTAINER_LAYOUT_SAFETY_LIMIT, 512);
    }

    #[test]
    fn declarative_shadow_style_does_not_leak_into_document_cascade() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                 html, body { margin:0 }
                 .button { width:123px; height:20px }
               </style>
               <x-button>
                 <template shadowrootmode="open">
                   <style>.button { width:100% }</style>
                   <span class="button">shadow control</span>
                 </template>
               </x-button>
               <div id="light-button" class="button"></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let button = tree.get_element_by_id("light-button").unwrap();
        let rect = laid.rects[&button];

        assert!((rect.width - 123.0).abs() < 0.1, "{rect:?}");
        assert!((rect.height - 20.0).abs() < 0.1, "{rect:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn multicol_balances_atomic_blocks_like_chromium() {
        // Chromium 140 geometry for this reduction is a 630x300 container,
        // 190px columns at x=0/220/440, and a 2/3/3 source-order partition.
        // Explicit heights keep this a layout-algorithm regression rather
        // than a font/raster comparison.
        let tree = parse_html(
            "<html><head><style>#columns{columns:1}@media (width >= 700px){#columns{columns:3}}</style></head>\
             <body style=\"margin:0\"><div id=\"columns\" style=\"column-gap:30px;width:630px\">\
             <div id=\"a\" style=\"height:180px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             <div id=\"b\" style=\"height:120px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             <div id=\"c\" style=\"height:60px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             <div id=\"d\" style=\"height:150px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             <div id=\"e\" style=\"height:90px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             <div id=\"f\" style=\"height:120px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             <div id=\"g\" style=\"height:80px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             <div id=\"h\" style=\"height:100px;break-inside:avoid\"></div>\
             </div></body></html>",
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (800.0, 600.0));
        let rect = |id: &str| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(id).unwrap()];
        let columns = rect("columns");
        assert!((columns.width - 630.0).abs() < 0.1, "{columns:?}");
        assert!((columns.height - 300.0).abs() < 0.1, "{columns:?}");

        let expected = [
            ("a", 0.0, 0.0, 190.0, 180.0),
            ("b", 0.0, 180.0, 190.0, 120.0),
            ("c", 220.0, 0.0, 190.0, 60.0),
            ("d", 220.0, 60.0, 190.0, 150.0),
            ("e", 220.0, 210.0, 190.0, 90.0),
            ("f", 440.0, 0.0, 190.0, 120.0),
            ("g", 440.0, 120.0, 190.0, 80.0),
            ("h", 440.0, 200.0, 190.0, 100.0),
        ];
        for (id, x, y, width, height) in expected {
            let child = rect(id);
            assert!((child.x - columns.x - x).abs() < 0.1, "{id}: {child:?}");
            assert!((child.y - columns.y - y).abs() < 0.1, "{id}: {child:?}");
            assert!((child.width - width).abs() < 0.1, "{id}: {child:?}");
            assert!((child.height - height).abs() < 0.1, "{id}: {child:?}");
        }

        let narrow = layout_dom(&tree, (600.0, 1000.0));
        let columns_id = tree.get_element_by_id("columns").unwrap();
        let c_id = tree.get_element_by_id("c").unwrap();
        assert_eq!(narrow.styles[&columns_id].column_count, Some(1));
        assert!(
            (narrow.rects[&columns_id].height - 900.0).abs() < 0.1,
            "{:?}",
            narrow.rects[&columns_id]
        );
        assert!(
            (narrow.rects[&c_id].y - narrow.rects[&columns_id].y - 300.0).abs() < 0.1,
            "{:?}",
            narrow.rects[&c_id]
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn static_positions_use_final_post_repair_geometry_without_phantom_overflow() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html,body{margin:0}
                #columns{columns:3;width:630px;column-gap:30px}
                #columns > div{height:100px;break-inside:avoid}
                #holder{height:20px}
                #outer{position:absolute;width:40px;height:40px}
                #wrapper{margin-top:10px;height:20px}
                #nested{position:absolute;width:5px;height:5px}
            </style>
            <div id="columns">
              <div></div><div></div><div></div>
              <div></div><div></div><div></div>
            </div>
            <div id="holder">
              <div id="outer"><div id="wrapper"><div id="nested"></div></div></div>
            </div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (800.0, 400.0));
        let rect = |name| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(name).unwrap()];
        let columns = rect("columns");
        let holder = rect("holder");
        let outer = rect("outer");
        let wrapper = rect("wrapper");
        let nested = rect("nested");

        assert!((columns.height - 200.0).abs() < 0.01, "{columns:?}");
        assert!((holder.y - 200.0).abs() < 0.01, "{holder:?}");
        assert!(
            (outer.y - holder.y).abs() < 0.01,
            "outer static position was harvested before multicol repair: \
             holder={holder:?} outer={outer:?}"
        );
        assert!(
            (nested.y - wrapper.y).abs() < 0.01,
            "nested static-position candidate changed while reparenting its ancestor: \
             wrapper={wrapper:?} nested={nested:?}"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            laid.scrolling_content_size(&tree, (800.0, 400.0)),
            (800.0, 400.0),
            "a stale preliminary static position must not create scrolling overflow"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn multicol_does_not_atomize_breakable_prose_boxes() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            "<html><body style=\"margin:0\"><main id=\"columns\" style=\"columns:2;width:200px\">\
             <p id=\"first\" style=\"height:100px;margin:0\"></p>\
             <p id=\"second\" style=\"height:100px;margin:0\"></p>\
             </main></body></html>",
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (400.0, 400.0));
        let columns = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("columns").unwrap()];
        let first = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("first").unwrap()];
        let second = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("second").unwrap()];
        assert!((columns.height - 200.0).abs() < 0.1, "{columns:?}");
        assert!((first.width - 200.0).abs() < 0.1, "{first:?}");
        assert!((second.x - first.x).abs() < 0.1, "{second:?}");
        assert!((second.y - first.y - 100.0).abs() < 0.1, "{second:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn direct_flex_text_is_one_wrapping_anonymous_item() {
        // Chromium 140: the pseudo is one flex item and the direct text run
        // is one anonymous flex item with a 276px inline formatting context.
        // The sentence wraps to three 20px lines; treating every word as an
        // outer flex item instead produces one overflowing 20px line.
        let tree = parse_html(
            "<style>\
             *{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0}\
             #quote{display:flex;gap:8px;width:300px;font:16px/20px 'Liberation Sans'}\
             #quote::before{content:'';display:block;width:16px;height:16px;flex-shrink:0}\
             </style>\
             <div id=\"quote\">This anonymous text item must wrap inside the remaining flex space instead of overflowing.</div>",
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (500.0, 200.0));
        let quote = laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id("quote").unwrap()];
        assert!((quote.width - 300.0).abs() < 0.1, "{quote:?}");
        assert!((quote.height - 60.0).abs() < 0.1, "{quote:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn auto_width_column_flex_text_uses_fit_content_width() {
        // Chromium 145: the outer row leaves 533px beside the fixed 203px
        // sibling and 32px gap. The auto-width quote is fit-content, so its
        // direct anonymous text item reflows to five 24px lines. Measuring it
        // only at max-content instead produces a 2097px-wide, 24px-tall line.
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
               * { box-sizing: border-box }
               body { margin: 0; font: 16px/24px "Liberation Sans" }
               #row { display: flex; gap: 32px; width: 768px }
               #column {
                 display: flex;
                 flex-direction: column;
                 align-items: flex-start;
               }
               #quote { display: flex; gap: 8px; margin: 0 }
               #quote::before {
                 content: "";
                 display: block;
                 flex-shrink: 0;
                 width: 16px;
                 height: 16px;
               }
               #logo { width: 203px; height: 128px; flex-shrink: 0 }
               </style>
               <section id="row">
                 <div id="column"><blockquote id="quote">MDN closely follows W3C standards which helps me keep up with important topics. It's a complete package as it caters to everything; complex APIs, new browser functionalities, and best practices. MDN serves as a truly valuable resource and continues to assist me in my everyday development.</blockquote></div>
                 <div id="logo"></div>
               </section>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let rect = |id| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(id).unwrap()];
        let row = rect("row");
        let column = rect("column");
        let quote = rect("quote");
        let logo = rect("logo");
        assert!((row.width - 768.0).abs() < 0.1, "{row:?}");
        assert!((row.height - 128.0).abs() < 0.1, "{row:?}");
        assert!((column.width - 533.0).abs() < 0.1, "{column:?}");
        assert!((quote.width - 533.0).abs() < 0.1, "{quote:?}");
        assert!((quote.height - 120.0).abs() < 0.1, "{quote:?}");
        assert!((logo.x - 565.0).abs() < 0.1, "{logo:?}");
        assert!((logo.width - 203.0).abs() < 0.1, "{logo:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn column_flex_fit_content_preserves_unbreakable_min_content() {
        // Chromium 145 keeps the unbreakable quote at 2561.25px and lets the
        // constrained row overflow. The synthetic fit-content cap must not
        // turn an intrinsic min-content floor into overflow-wrap:anywhere.
        let word = "X".repeat(240);
        let tree = parse_html(&format!(
            r#"<style>
               * {{ box-sizing: border-box }}
               body {{ margin: 0; font: 16px/24px "Liberation Sans" }}
               #row {{ display: flex; gap: 32px; width: 768px }}
               #column {{
                 display: flex;
                 flex-direction: column;
                 align-items: flex-start;
               }}
               #quote {{ display: flex; margin: 0 }}
               #logo {{ width: 203px; height: 128px; flex-shrink: 0 }}
               </style>
               <section id="row">
                 <div id="column"><blockquote id="quote">{word}</blockquote></div>
                 <div id="logo"></div>
               </section>"#
        ));
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let rect = |id| laid.rects[&tree.get_element_by_id(id).unwrap()];
        let column = rect("column");
        let quote = rect("quote");
        let logo = rect("logo");
        assert!(quote.width > 2500.0, "{quote:?}");
        assert!((column.width - quote.width).abs() < 0.1, "{column:?} {quote:?}");
        assert!((quote.height - 24.0).abs() < 0.1, "{quote:?}");
        assert!((logo.x - quote.width - 32.0).abs() < 0.1, "{logo:?}");
    }

    #[test]
    fn empty_document_is_safe() {
        // html5ever always synthesizes html/head/body, so an empty document
        // still has a few element rects. The point is that it does not panic.
        let tree = parse_html("");
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        assert!(laid.rects.len() <= 4, "got {}", laid.rects.len());
    }

    #[test]
    fn author_cascade_honors_important_and_presentational_hint_order() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                #sheet { width: 320px !important; background: green !important }
                .case#sheet { width: 80px; background: red }
                .inline-normal { width: 320px !important; background: green !important }
                #inline-important { width: 80px !important; background: red !important }
                .custom { --w: 320px !important; --w: 80px; width: var(--w) }
                .hint { background: green }
            </style>
            <div id="sheet" class="case"></div>
            <div id="inline-normal" class="inline-normal" style="width:80px;background:red"></div>
            <div id="inline-important" style="width:320px!important;background:green!important"></div>
            <div id="inline-order" style="width:320px!important;width:80px;background:green!important;background:red"></div>
            <div id="custom" class="custom"></div>
            <div id="hint" class="hint" bgcolor="red"></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        for id in ["sheet", "inline-normal", "inline-important", "inline-order", "custom"] {
            let nid = tree.query_selector(&format!("#{id}")).unwrap().unwrap();
            let style = laid.styles.get(&nid).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(style.width, crate::Dimension::Px(320.0), "wrong cascade width for {id}");
        }
        for id in ["sheet", "inline-normal", "inline-important", "inline-order", "hint"] {
            let nid = tree.query_selector(&format!("#{id}")).unwrap().unwrap();
            let style = laid.styles.get(&nid).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(style.background_color, Some([0, 128, 0, 255]), "wrong cascade color for {id}");
        }
    }

    #[test]
    fn box_sizing_controls_the_declared_size_edge() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                body { margin: 0 }
                .box { width:100px; height:50px; padding:10px; border:2px solid black }
                .border { box-sizing:border-box }
                .parent { width:400px }
                .half { width:50%; padding:10px; border:2px solid black }
                .limited { width:200px; max-width:100px; padding:10px; border:2px solid black }
                .inherit-parent { box-sizing:border-box }
                .inherit-child { box-sizing:inherit; width:100px; padding:10px; border:2px solid black }
            </style>
            <div id="content" class="box"></div>
            <div id="border" class="box border"></div>
            <div class="parent"><div id="half-content" class="half"></div><div id="half-border" class="half border"></div></div>
            <div id="max-content" class="limited"></div>
            <div id="max-border" class="limited border"></div>
            <div class="inherit-parent"><div id="inherited-border" class="inherit-child"></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let size = |id: &str| {
            let nid = tree.query_selector(&format!("#{id}")).unwrap().unwrap();
            let rect = laid.rects.get(&nid).unwrap();
            (rect.width, rect.height)
        };
        assert_eq!(size("content"), (124.0, 74.0));
        assert_eq!(size("border"), (100.0, 50.0));
        assert_eq!(size("half-content").0, 224.0);
        assert_eq!(size("half-border").0, 200.0);
        assert_eq!(size("max-content").0, 124.0);
        assert_eq!(size("max-border").0, 100.0);
        assert_eq!(size("inherited-border").0, 100.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn root_percentage_font_size_controls_rem_lengths() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html { font-size: 62.5% }
                body { margin: 0 }
                #box {
                    display: grid;
                    width: 4rem;
                    margin-top: 3rem;
                    row-gap: 4rem;
                    column-gap: calc(1rem + 2vw);
                }
                #box > div { height: 2rem }
            </style>
            <div id="box"><div></div><div></div></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let html = tree.query_selector("html").unwrap().unwrap();
        let box_id = tree.query_selector("#box").unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(laid.styles.get(&html).unwrap().font_size, Some(10.0));
        assert_eq!(laid.styles.get(&box_id).unwrap().row_gap, Some(40.0));
        assert_eq!(laid.styles.get(&box_id).unwrap().column_gap, Some(35.6));
        assert_eq!(laid.rects.get(&box_id).unwrap().width, 40.0);
        assert_eq!(laid.rects.get(&box_id).unwrap().height, 80.0);
        assert_eq!(laid.rects.get(&box_id).unwrap().y, 30.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn block_and_grid_sibling_margins_collapse() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                body { margin: 0 }
                .a { position: relative; height: 10px; margin-bottom: 30px }
                .b { position: relative; display: grid; height: 10px; margin-top: 40px }
            </style>
            <div class="a"></div>
            <div id="b" class="b"></div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let b = tree.query_selector("#b").unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(laid.rects.get(&b).unwrap().y, 50.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn text_transform_applies_to_word_leaves_in_flex_ui() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<div id="cta" style="display:flex;text-transform:uppercase">get started</div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let cta = tree.get_element_by_id("cta").unwrap();
        let items = &laid.run_ifc_items[&cta];
        assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
        assert_eq!(laid.text_engine.item_text(items[0]), "GET STARTED");
        assert_eq!(
            transform_word_leaf_text("hELLO wORLD", crate::TextTransform::Capitalize),
            "HELLO WORLD"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn word_leaves_use_the_computed_line_height() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<div id="code" style="display:flex;font:16px/32px monospace">code</div>"#,
        );
        let mut laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let code = tree.get_element_by_id("code").unwrap();
        let items = &laid.run_ifc_items[&code];
        assert_eq!(items.len(), 1);
        let (_, height) = laid.text_engine.measure(items[0], Some(1280.0));
        assert_eq!(height, 32.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn light_root_rejects_dark_pseudo_gradient_variants() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<html class="light"><head><style>
               .hero::before {
                 content:"";
                 position:absolute;
                 background:radial-gradient(circle, #ebf3f9, #d6dee4);
               }
               @media (prefers-color-scheme:dark) {
                 :root:not(.light) .hero::before {
                   background:radial-gradient(circle, #111111, #222222);
                 }
               }
               :root.dark .hero::before {
                 background:radial-gradient(circle, #333333, #444444);
               }
               </style></head><body><div class="hero"></div></body></html>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let hero = tree.query_selector(".hero").unwrap().unwrap();
        let pseudo = laid.styles[&hero].before_pseudo.as_ref().unwrap();
        let (_, stops) = pseudo.background_radial_gradient.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(stops[0].0, [0xeb, 0xf3, 0xf9, 255]);
        assert_eq!(stops[1].0, [0xd6, 0xde, 0xe4, 255]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn table_cell_content_box_width_includes_padding_and_border_in_track() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                table { border-spacing:0 }
                td { width:100px; padding:10px; border:2px solid black }
                .border { box-sizing:border-box }
            </style>
            <table><tr><td id="content-cell">content</td></tr></table>
            <table><tr><td id="border-cell" class="border">border</td></tr></table>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let width = |id: &str| {
            let nid = tree.query_selector(&format!("#{id}")).unwrap().unwrap();
            laid.rects.get(&nid).unwrap().width
        };
        assert_eq!(width("content-cell"), 124.0);
        assert_eq!(width("border-cell"), 100.0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn positioned_pseudo_inherits_the_hosts_computed_font_metrics() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html { font-size:16px }
                button { font-size:.875rem; line-height:1.5 }
                button::after {
                    content:attr(text); position:absolute; inset:1px;
                }
            </style>
            <button id="cta" text="Get Started">Get Started</button>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let cta = tree.get_element_by_id("cta").unwrap();
        let host = &laid.styles[&cta];
        let pseudo = host.after_pseudo.as_ref().unwrap();

        assert_eq!(host.font_size, Some(14.0));
        assert_eq!(pseudo.font_size, host.font_size);
        assert_eq!(pseudo.font_family, host.font_family);
        assert_eq!(pseudo.font_weight, host.font_weight);
        assert_eq!(pseudo.line_height, host.line_height);
    }

    #[test]
    fn positioned_pseudo_does_not_wrap_shrink_to_fit_host_text() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                html, body { margin:0 }
                #host {
                    position:absolute; width:max-content;
                    padding:12px 24px; border:0;
                    font-size:14px; font-weight:600; color:transparent;
                }
                #host::after {
                    content:attr(text); position:absolute; inset:1px;
                    display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;
                    color:black; background:white;
                }
            </style>
            <button id="host" text="Learn more">Learn more</button>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (500.0, 300.0));
        let host = tree.get_element_by_id("host").unwrap();
        let rect = laid.rects[&host];

        assert!(
            (120.0..=130.0).contains(&rect.width),
            "max-content width must include the shaped inter-word advance: {rect:?}"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            rect.height, 40.0,
            "positioned generated content must not make the host label wrap"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn variable_font_properties_inherit_and_reset_through_elements_and_pseudos() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<style>
                #parent {
                    font-optical-sizing:none;
                    font-variation-settings:"opsz" 20, "wght" 650;
                }
                #parent::before { content:"before" }
                #reset {
                    font-optical-sizing:initial;
                    font-variation-settings:normal;
                }
                #reset::after {
                    content:"after";
                    font-optical-sizing:inherit;
                    font-variation-settings:"wght" 300;
                }
            </style>
            <div id="parent">
                <span id="inherited"></span>
                <span id="reset"><b id="reset-child"></b></span>
            </div>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (1280.0, 720.0));
        let get = |selector: &str| {
            let id = tree.query_selector(selector).unwrap().unwrap();
            &laid.styles[&id]
        };
        let parent = get("#parent");
        let inherited = get("#inherited");
        assert_eq!(
            parent.font_optical_sizing,
            Some(crate::FontOpticalSizing::None)
        );
        assert_eq!(inherited.font_optical_sizing, parent.font_optical_sizing);
        assert_eq!(
            inherited.font_variation_settings,
            parent.font_variation_settings
        );
        let before = parent.before_pseudo.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(before.font_optical_sizing, parent.font_optical_sizing);
        assert_eq!(
            before.font_variation_settings,
            parent.font_variation_settings
        );

        let reset = get("#reset");
        let reset_child = get("#reset-child");
        assert_eq!(
            reset.font_optical_sizing,
            Some(crate::FontOpticalSizing::Auto)
        );
        assert_eq!(reset.font_variation_settings, Some(Vec::new()));
        assert_eq!(reset_child.font_optical_sizing, reset.font_optical_sizing);
        assert_eq!(
            reset_child.font_variation_settings,
            reset.font_variation_settings
        );
        let after = reset.after_pseudo.as_ref().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(after.font_optical_sizing, reset.font_optical_sizing);
        assert_eq!(
            after.font_variation_settings.as_deref(),
            Some(
                [crate::FontVariationSetting {
                    tag: *b"wght",
                    value: 300.0,
                }]
                .as_slice()
            )
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn native_select_sizes_for_its_widest_option() {
        let tree = parse_html(
            r#"<select id="language">
                <option selected>En</option>
                <option>Brazilian Portuguese</option>
            </select>"#,
        );
        let laid = layout_dom(&tree, (500.0, 200.0));
        let select = tree.get_element_by_id("language").unwrap();
        let rect = laid.rects[&select];

        assert!(rect.width > 120.0, "widest option should set width: {rect:?}");
        assert!(
            (18.0..=22.0).contains(&rect.height),
            "closed native select should have one-line control height: {rect:?}"
        );
    }

}